International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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608 IPY 20 07–20 08 speakers and panellists included many distinguished scholars, science managers, policy specialists and young scientists representing APECS from both the Antarctic and the Arctic fields (see www.atsummit50. aq/about_summit/speakers.php Nevertheless, the governments of the eight Arctic States have made it clear that they believe that continued peace and stability in the Arctic can best be achieved by continuing to strengthen and develop the present intergovernmental cooperation structures with full respect for existing legal and political realities. Within that framework, there is scope for more lessons to be learned and more experiences to be shared on how to address similar issues in the two polar regions. Joint action between the AC and the ATCM could be contemplated to highlight matters of common concern such as the need for improved hydrographic charts, adequate satellite coverage and increased funding for polar research. References IASC Bulletin 06/07 - http://web.arcticportal.org/iasc/ services/publications. IASC Bulletin 07/08 - http://web.arcticportal.org/iasc/ services/publications. IASC Bulletin 08/09 - http://web.arcticportal.org/iasc/ services/publications. Klepikov, A., 2008. SCAR/IASC IPY Open Science Conference “Polar Research - Arctic and Antarctic Perspectives in the International Polar Year.” SCAR Bulletin 169 (December):4–8. Report of Senior Arctic Officials to Ministers at the Fifth Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting, Salekhard, October 26, 2006, www.arctic-council.org. Salekhard Declaration, On the occasion of the tenth Anniversary of the Arctic Council, the fifth Arctic Conclusions New or advanced partnerships in support of coordination of polar research – Arctic, Antarctic as well as bipolar – can be considered a main outcome of IPY. The corresponding central achievements of IGY were in the Antarctic domain. The frameworks for scientific and political cooperation in the Arctic, i.e. IASC and AC, were only established in the early 1990s. IPY succeeded in both fully integrating the relatively young Arctic components and strengthening bipolar scientific activities and collaboration. The linkages between the political frameworks provided by the ATCM and the AC as well as the collaboration between and among the key scientific bodies, i.e. ICSU, WMO, SCAR and IASC, have been strengthened and will continue. This emergence of a bipolar cooperative approach to polar research that did not exist prior to IPY will certainly influence how the next IPY will be organized. Council Ministerial Meeting, the 26th of October, 2006, Salekhard, Russia, www.arctic-council.org. SCAR Bulletin 152, January 2004 - www.scar.org/ publications/bulletins/. SCAR Bulletin 154, July 2004 - www.scar.org/ publications/bulletins/. SCAR Bulletin 159, October 2005 - www.scar.org/ publications/bulletins/. Senior Arctic Official (SAO) Report to Ministers, Tromsø, Norway, April 2009, www.arctic-council.org. Tromsø Declaration, On the occasion of the Sixth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council, the 29th of April, 2009, Tromsø, Norway, www.arcticcouncil.org. Notes 1 See www.icsu.org. The members include 121 National Scientific Bodies (mostly national academies of science) covering 141 countries, 30 International Scientific Unions, and 21 International Scientific Associates. 2 WCRP, International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, International Human Dimensions Programme, DIVERSITAS, and their Earth System Science Partnership. 3 See www.wmo.int WMO has a membership of 189 Member States and Territories (as of 30 April 2010).
PA R T FI V E : T H E L E G AC I E S O F I PY 20 07–20 0 8 A N D FU T U R E O F P O L A R R E S E A R C H 5.6 Shaping the Future Broadening and Sustaining the IPY Momentum David Hik and Karen Kraft Sloan Background for Broadening the Legacy of IPY One important role of science and research is to assist governments, and therefore society, in effectively discharging their responsibilities and mandates. In the polar regions, these mandates are necessarily far reaching, diverse and include a broad range of disciplines, from the natural sciences, the human behavioral, social and historical sciences, medical sciences, engineering and applied sciences, and research in the managerial, economic, and legal fields. Polar research is characterized by an abundance of cross-cutting issues that require interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary approaches, and the knowledge provided by research must address questions on a wide range of scales from local to global, and from immediate to long-term. In the Arctic, it is also recognized that advanced technological knowledge and fundamental or theoretical research must be combined with the holistic observations and knowledge of indigenous northern peoples. From the very beginning of IPY there was a discussion of its potential legacies, and promotion of the notion that IPY could be a “catalyst” for sustaining future Arctic and Antarctic research efforts (Kraft Sloan and Hik, 2008). For example, the word ‘legacy’ was used 14 times in the IPY Framework publication (Rapley et al., 2004). History would suggest this outcome is possible and even likely, but what continuing efforts are required to secure a legacy of sustained interest and investment in Arctic and Antarctic research? Even at the conclusion of IPY 2007–2008, there is still a need to define and pursue the next steps in securing a broad legacy for IPY, as envisioned by so many of the scientific and governmental participants. In 2005 we began a dialogue about IPY legacies that we called ‘Broadening the Legacy.’ There were several elements to our approach including: Contributing Authors: Jenny Baeseman, Kathleen Fischer, David Hik, Karen Kraft Sloan, Hugues Lantuit, Olav Orheim, Odd Rogne and Eduard Sarukhanian 1. Making the IPY legacy part of the IPY process itself; 2. Identifying partners in order to link with and build upon other initiatives, through Arctic Council and other organizations, including national governments; 3. Learning from other efforts to formalise international polar science cooperation, especially from the implementation of the Antarctic Treaty System and from the first fifteen years of the evolution of the Arctic Council; 4. Being opportunistic and identifying fora to engage governments and other potential partners and supporters; 5. Identifying champions and providing them with resources to promote the global and local value of enhancing polar science, research, and knowledge capacity. This initiative was presented at the Arctic Science Summit Week and ARCUS in 2006, and at meetings with the Commission on Sustainable Development, the OECD Global Science Forum, the Heads of Arctic and Antarctic IPY Secretariats (Chapter 1.7), among others. In retrospect it is likely that our efforts in 2006 were premature. The IPY planning process was still in its early stages, and many countries had not yet allocated funding or resources to support the substantial interest in IPY. A discussion of ‘legacy’ could not find much time on the agenda. However, these ideas still resonate at the conclusion of IPY and are relevant to successfully implementing and sustaining diverse IPY legacies. Indeed, legacy has become a major consideration for Arctic Council, IASC, SCAR, Arctic Parliamentarians, WMO, ICSU and many other sponsors of IPY, including the governments and agencies that funded IPY activities. l e g a C I e s 609
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
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vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
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viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
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x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
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xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
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xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
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xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
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xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
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xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
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xxii IPY 20 07-20 08 from many of t
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xxiv IPY 20 07-20 08
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2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
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4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
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Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
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8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
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10 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.1-4 Globa
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Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
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14 IPY 20 07-20 08 at the same Dani
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Fig. 1.1-8 U.S. Navy and constructi
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18 IPY 20 07-20 08 Cooperation.’
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20 IPY 20 07-20 08 decades (1950-19
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22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
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24 IPY 20 07-20 08 World Data Cente
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26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
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28 IPY 20 07-20 08 23 Berkner’s l
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Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
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Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
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34 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1 Neumayer D
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Fig. 1.2-7. Fragment from the minut
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38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
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40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
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42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
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44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
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46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
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48 IPY 20 07-20 08 Notes 1 Andreev
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50 IPY 20 07-20 08 nations needed t
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52 IPY 20 07-20 08 ICSU and WMO Pro
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54 IPY 20 07-20 08 Thiede for SCAR,
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56 IPY 20 07-20 08 PG-3, First Disc
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Fig. 1.3-7 (right). Cover page of t
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60 IPY 20 07-20 08 established by 1
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62 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 The develo
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Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
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Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
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68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
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70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
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Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
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74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
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Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
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78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
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80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
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82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
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84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
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86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
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88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
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90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
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92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
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94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
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96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
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98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
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100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
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Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
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104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
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106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
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Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
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Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
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112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
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116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
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118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
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120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
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122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
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Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
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126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
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128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
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130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
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132 IPY 20 07-20 08 and data manage
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134 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T WO: IP
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136 IPY 20 07-20 08 of which have g
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Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
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140 IPY 20 07-20 08 instruments on
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Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
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Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
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146 IPY 20 07-20 08 fractional sea
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148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
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150 IPY 20 07-20 08 vations obtaine
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152 IPY 20 07-20 08 pre-dating the
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154 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sensing, 48(4):
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Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
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Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
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Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
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162 IPY 20 07-20 08 quality of the
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164 IPY 20 07-20 08 much of the ozo
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166 IPY 20 07-20 08 concentration m
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168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
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170 IPY 20 07-20 08 developed or pr
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172 IPY 20 07-20 08 decrease in the
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Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
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176 IPY 20 07-20 08 providing plent
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178 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sampling of the
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Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
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Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scien
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184 IPY 20 07-20 08 48(1): 5-21. Di
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186 IPY 20 07-20 08 doi:10.1029/200
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Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
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Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
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Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
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194 IPY 20 07-20 08 period. These p
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Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
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Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
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200 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.3-8. Ver
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Fig. 2.3-9. CAML ship sampling duri
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204 IPY 20 07-20 08 the theory that
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Fig. 2.3-12. Dead krill on the beac
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Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
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210 IPY 20 07-20 08 tions and Infor
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212 IPY 20 07-20 08 solved iron in
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214 IPY 20 07-20 08 Antarctic ice s
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216 IPY 20 07-20 08 so-called Dansg
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218 IPY 20 07-20 08 other Greenland
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Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
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222 IPY 20 07-20 08 In July-August
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Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
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Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
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228 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.4-10. Ta
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Fig. 2.4-12. Airborne lidar and gro
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232 IPY 20 07-20 08 tic and Antarct
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234 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.5-1. Sch
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236 IPY 20 07-20 08 our planet: the
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238 IPY 20 07-20 08 base Syowa via
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240 IPY 20 07-20 08 possible to add
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242 IPY 20 07-20 08 sary environmen
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Fig. 2.6-1. An artist’s cross-sec
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246 IPY 20 07-20 08 conditions. The
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Fig. 2.6-3. Russian scientific trav
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250 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.6-5a. Co
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252 IPY 20 07-20 08 Emerging Subgla
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254 IPY 20 07-20 08 Masolov V.N., S
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Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
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258 IPY 20 07-20 08 contributed to
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Table 2.7-1. Inventory of Northern
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Table 2.7-2. Inventory of Antarctic
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264 IPY 20 07-20 08 Arctic Circum-P
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266 IPY 20 07-20 08 Northern Circum
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268 IPY 20 07-20 08 Permafrost in t
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270 IPY 20 07-20 08 Engineers Offic
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272 IPY 20 07-20 08 Valcárcel-Día
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Fig. 2.8-1. Antarctica’s Gamburts
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276 IPY 20 07-20 08 sampling at rel
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278 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.8-5. PLA
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Fig. 2.8-6. POLENET autonomous, col
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Fig. 2.8-7. Continuouslyrecording G
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284 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seismic imaging
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286 IPY 20 07-20 08 expectations of
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288 IPY 20 07-20 08 Willis, 2009b.
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290 IPY 20 07-20 08 Meet. Suppl., A
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292 IPY 20 07-20 08 mantle beneath
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Table 2.9-1. Terrestrial Projects u
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296 IPY 20 07-20 08 future. For thi
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Fig. 2.9-2. A small moving drill wa
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300 IPY 20 07-20 08 2.9-4. Field si
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302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
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304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
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Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
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308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
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310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
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Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
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314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
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316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
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318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
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Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
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322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
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Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
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Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
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328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
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330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
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332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
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334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
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Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
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338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
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340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
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342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
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344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
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Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
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348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
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350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
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352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
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354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
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356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
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358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
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360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
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Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
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Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
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Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
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Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
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370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
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Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
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Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
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Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
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Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
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382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
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384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
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386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
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388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
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Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
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392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
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Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
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396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
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Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
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Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
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Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
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404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
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406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
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408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
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Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
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Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
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414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
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416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
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Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
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420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
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422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
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424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
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Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
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Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
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Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
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Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
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434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
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436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
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438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
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Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
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Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
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444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
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Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
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Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
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Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
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Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
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454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
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456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
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458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
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460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
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Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
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464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
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466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
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468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
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470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
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472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
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Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
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476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
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478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
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480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
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482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
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Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
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486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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488 IPY 20 07-20 08 Officers from m
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Fig. 4.1-2. Students in Portugal to
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492 IPY 20 07-20 08 Two internation
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494 IPY 20 07-20 08 the submissions
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Fig. 4.1-4. (left) Teachers partici
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498 IPY 20 07-20 08 conference, ‘
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500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
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Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
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504 IPY 20 07-20 08 Google Groups t
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506 IPY 20 07-20 08 tative/liaison
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508 IPY 20 07-20 08 material had to
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510 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Arct
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512 IPY 20 07-20 08 Highlights from
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514 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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Fig. 4.3-1. Participants of the mee
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Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
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520 IPY 20 07-20 08 management. The
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Fig. 4.3-4. During IPY early career
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524 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T FI V E :
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526 IPY 20 07-20 08 ‘legacies’)
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528 IPY 20 07-20 08 sciences_for_ip
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530 IPY 20 07-20 08 of multidiscipl
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Fig. 5.1-2 In situ platforms, inclu
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534 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion documented
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536 IPY 20 07-20 08 warming over th
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538 IPY 20 07-20 08 the Russian Ant
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540 IPY 20 07-20 08 Background with
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542 IPY 20 07-20 08 achievements al
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544 IPY 20 07-20 08 with a Sunyaev-
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546 IPY 20 07-20 08 doing will cont
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548 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 (
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Fig.5.2-4. Proposed structure of th
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552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
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554 IPY 20 07-20 08 References ACIA
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556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
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Page 588 and 589: Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
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Page 602 and 603: 576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
Page 604 and 605: 578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
Page 606 and 607: Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
Page 608 and 609: 582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
Page 610 and 611: 584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
Page 612 and 613: 586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
Page 614 and 615: Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
Page 616 and 617: Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
Page 618 and 619: 592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
Page 620 and 621: 594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
Page 622 and 623: 596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
Page 624 and 625: 598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
Page 626 and 627: 600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
Page 628 and 629: 602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
Page 630 and 631: 604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
Page 632 and 633: Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
Page 636 and 637: 610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
Page 638 and 639: 612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
Page 640 and 641: 614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
Page 642 and 643: Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
Page 644 and 645: 618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
Page 646 and 647: Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
Page 648 and 649: 622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
Page 650 and 651: 624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
Page 652 and 653: 626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
Page 654 and 655: 628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
Page 656 and 657: Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
Page 658 and 659: 632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
Page 660 and 661: 634 IPY 20 07-20 08
Page 662 and 663: 636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
Page 664 and 665: 638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
Page 666 and 667: 640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
Page 668 and 669: 642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
Page 670 and 671: 644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
Page 676 and 677: 650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
Page 678 and 679: 652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
Page 680 and 681: 654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
Page 682 and 683: 656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
Page 684 and 685:
658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
Page 686 and 687:
660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
Page 688 and 689:
662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
Page 690 and 691:
Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
Page 692 and 693:
Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
Page 694 and 695:
668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
Page 696 and 697:
670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
Page 698 and 699:
672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
Page 700 and 701:
674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
Page 702 and 703:
676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
Page 704 and 705:
678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
Page 706 and 707:
680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
Page 708 and 709:
682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
Page 710 and 711:
684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
Page 712 and 713:
686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
Page 714 and 715:
688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
Page 716 and 717:
690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
Page 718 and 719:
692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
Page 720 and 721:
694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
Page 724:
698 The International Polar Year (I
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International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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