International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

More documents

Recommendations

Info

216 IPY 20 07–20 08 so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger events; very abrupt, millennial-scale, climatic shifts that occurred during the last glacial period. Understanding the cause of these events has implications for predicting future change. Nevertheless, none of the previous ice cores from Greenland provided an undisturbed climate record of the last interglacial, the Eemian, which occurred between about 115,000 and 130,000 years ago and was warmer in the Arctic than our present interglacial period. Obtaining a record of this period from Greenland was an important IPY target. About 50% (in number) of all world glaciers and ice caps are found in the Arctic and, although the surface area of the Greenland ice sheet is about four times the area of all other Arctic glaciers and ice caps, the smaller ice masses are generally at lower elevation and have warmer mean annual temperatures, and so are susceptible to greater percentage mass loss in response to warming. Globally, glaciers and ice caps, including those surrounding the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, store ~ 0.5 to 0.7 m of sea level equivalent, and are currently contributing at about the same rate to sea level rise as the combined contributions from the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica (IPCC, 2007). They will continue to contribute into the 21st century and beyond. Many of the Arctic glaciers and ice caps terminate in the oceans and 30-40% of their mass loss is from iceberg calving. Nevertheless, the uncertainty both in the surface mass balance and the calving fluxes of the Arctic glaciers is still large. Hence, IPY aimed to obtain baseline glaciological data on extent, dynamics and mass balance of the irregularly distributed Arctic ice masses in regions such as Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Iceland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya and northern Scandinavia. The variations in space and time of the monitored ice bodies in polar and mountain regions could then be extrapolated to estimate regional contributions to sea level change and linked to the global hydrological cycle. Developing Greenland and Arctic Glacier IPY projects The ICSU-WMO call for “Expressions of Intent” (EoI) for IPY projects elicited approximately 30 EoIs between November 2004 and January 2005 which were focused on the terrestrial ice masses of the Arctic. These can be broadly categorized into five groups. • Characteristics and status of the Greenland ice sheet. This group included EoIs 74, 94, 581, 607, 883, 933, 951 and 1120. 1 Two geoscience EoIs, 763 and 784, were also linked to this group as they planned to share logistics to explore the geophysics of Greenland, including characteristics of the bedrock beneath the ice sheet. • Future response and stability of Greenland. This included EoIs 69, 136, 187, 245, 334, 381, 418 and 765. • The record of past environments from Greenland ice cores; EoIs 62, 203 and 561. • Satellite remote sensing of the Greenland ice sheet; EoI 910, which was bipolar and also included study of the Antarctic ice sheet. • Changes to Arctic glaciers and ice caps; EoIs 30, 233, 654, 684, 756 and 1007. Over the next several months the proponents of these EoIs, encouraged by the IPY Joint Committee and the International Programme Office, worked to combine their ideas and resources into larger full IPY proposals. Ultimately, seven full proposals that dealt with the Arctic ice sheets and glaciers were endorsed by the IPY Joint Committee (JC) in 2005–2006 (Allison et al., 2007; Chapter 1.5). Two of these (no. 91 and no. 125 - see below) were satellite remote sensing projects that also included investigation of the Antarctic, and two were “umbrella” projects submitted on behalf of international organizations. These latter projects, which generally did not propose specific research activities but sought to synthesize the results of other relevant projects in the Arctic and Antarctic, were no. 105 (State and Fate of the Polar Cryosphere) linked to the WCRP Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) Project, and no. 117 (International Partnerships in Ice Core Science - International Polar Year Initiative) linked to the International Partnerships in Ice Core Science. IPY projects on the Greenland ice sheet IPY project no. 118 (The Greenland Ice Sheet – Stability, History and Evolution), led by scientists from Denmark and U.S.A., was a very large and multi-faceted study that linked palaeoclimate, observational and modelling components to investigate past and future stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet, ice dynamics, sea level change and change in fresh water supply
to the ocean, which affects the global thermohaline circulation of the ocean. Airborne measurements with a radar capable of array processing in the crosstrack direction and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing in the along-track direction for sounding of ice and imaging the ice-bed interface, and scanning laser ranging (lidar), were planned to provide baseline measurements of the discharge of ice from outlet glaciers around the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet. These measurements would also allow detection of elevation changes by comparison to earlier airborne missions and to satellites (CryoSat, ICESat). Automatic weather and mass balance stations were to be located on the ice in order to relate mass balance changes with meteorological conditions and to investigate the ablation processes in detail. In addition, the radar profiles would be used to map the melting under the ice in north Greenland and under the fast moving glaciers and ice streams, allowing inclusion of basal melt in the mass balance of the ice sheet. Traverses and field camps were proposed to collect GPS and geophysical data (magnetic, gravity), seismic profiles, and borehole logging and ice drilling along air survey routes. Combined with satellite data, they would be used to determine the crustal structure in Greenland and history of the sub-ice bedrock and sediments, and hence to map the heat flow and basal melt beneath the ice sheet. The dynamics of the ice stream Jakobshavn Isbrae, which has recently accelerated, was to be investigated using borehole instrumentation reaching to the base. Detailed studies of the response of ice dynamics in West Greenland to changes in surface melt through the penetration of runoff to the glacier bed were also proposed (Fig. 2.4-1). The North Eemian Ice Core Project (NEEM) was a major component of the overall work plan of “The Greenland Ice Sheet – Stability, History and Evolution” project. NEEM aimed at retrieving an ice core from northwest Greenland (77.45°N, 51.06°W) reaching back through the previous interglacial, the Eemian, during part of which the Arctic was warmer than the Holocene, thus offering an analogy for the conditions expected in the Arctic due to an anthropogenicallywarmed world. It was also hoped that the Holocene period from this deep ice core would provide a better isotopic record of the present climate than those from Fig. 2.4-1. Surface melt water penetrating the interior of the Greenland Ice Sheet via a moulin. (Photo: K. Steffen) s C I e n C e P r o g r a m 217
Page 1:
Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
Page 4 and 5:
Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
Page 6 and 7:
iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
Page 8 and 9:
vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
Page 10 and 11:
viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
Page 12 and 13:
x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
Page 14 and 15:
xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
Page 16 and 17:
xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
Page 18 and 19:
xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
Page 20 and 21:
xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
Page 22 and 23:
xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
Page 24 and 25:
xxii IPY 20 07-20 08 from many of t
Page 26 and 27:
xxiv IPY 20 07-20 08
Page 28 and 29:
2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
Page 30 and 31:
4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
Page 32 and 33:
Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
Page 34 and 35:
8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
Page 36 and 37:
10 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.1-4 Globa
Page 38 and 39:
Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
Page 40 and 41:
14 IPY 20 07-20 08 at the same Dani
Page 42 and 43:
Fig. 1.1-8 U.S. Navy and constructi
Page 44 and 45:
18 IPY 20 07-20 08 Cooperation.’
Page 46 and 47:
20 IPY 20 07-20 08 decades (1950-19
Page 48 and 49:
22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
Page 50 and 51:
24 IPY 20 07-20 08 World Data Cente
Page 52 and 53:
26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
Page 54 and 55:
28 IPY 20 07-20 08 23 Berkner’s l
Page 56 and 57:
Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
Page 58 and 59:
Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
Page 60 and 61:
34 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1 Neumayer D
Page 62 and 63:
Fig. 1.2-7. Fragment from the minut
Page 64 and 65:
38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
Page 66 and 67:
40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
Page 68 and 69:
42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
Page 70 and 71:
44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
Page 72 and 73:
46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
Page 74 and 75:
48 IPY 20 07-20 08 Notes 1 Andreev
Page 76 and 77:
50 IPY 20 07-20 08 nations needed t
Page 78 and 79:
52 IPY 20 07-20 08 ICSU and WMO Pro
Page 80 and 81:
54 IPY 20 07-20 08 Thiede for SCAR,
Page 82 and 83:
56 IPY 20 07-20 08 PG-3, First Disc
Page 84 and 85:
Fig. 1.3-7 (right). Cover page of t
Page 86 and 87:
60 IPY 20 07-20 08 established by 1
Page 88 and 89:
62 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 The develo
Page 90 and 91:
Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
Page 92 and 93:
Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
Page 94 and 95:
68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
Page 96 and 97:
70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
Page 98 and 99:
Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
Page 100 and 101:
74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
Page 102 and 103:
Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
Page 104 and 105:
78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
Page 106 and 107:
80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
Page 108 and 109:
82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
Page 110 and 111:
84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
Page 112 and 113:
86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
Page 114 and 115:
88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
Page 116 and 117:
90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
Page 118 and 119:
92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
Page 120 and 121:
94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
Page 122 and 123:
96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
Page 124 and 125:
98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
Page 126 and 127:
100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
Page 128 and 129:
Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
Page 130 and 131:
104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
Page 132 and 133:
106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
Page 134 and 135:
Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
Page 136 and 137:
Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
Page 138 and 139:
112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
Page 140 and 141:
114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
Page 142 and 143:
116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
Page 144 and 145:
118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
Page 146 and 147:
120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
Page 148 and 149:
122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
Page 150 and 151:
Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
Page 152 and 153:
126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
Page 154 and 155:
128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
Page 156 and 157:
130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
Page 158 and 159:
132 IPY 20 07-20 08 and data manage
Page 160 and 161:
134 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T WO: IP
Page 162 and 163:
136 IPY 20 07-20 08 of which have g
Page 164 and 165:
Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
Page 166 and 167:
140 IPY 20 07-20 08 instruments on
Page 168 and 169:
Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
Page 170 and 171:
Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
Page 172 and 173:
146 IPY 20 07-20 08 fractional sea
Page 174 and 175:
148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
Page 176 and 177:
150 IPY 20 07-20 08 vations obtaine
Page 178 and 179:
152 IPY 20 07-20 08 pre-dating the
Page 180 and 181:
154 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sensing, 48(4):
Page 182 and 183:
Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
Page 184 and 185:
Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
Page 186 and 187:
Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
Page 188 and 189:
162 IPY 20 07-20 08 quality of the
Page 190 and 191:
164 IPY 20 07-20 08 much of the ozo
Page 192 and 193: 166 IPY 20 07-20 08 concentration m
Page 194 and 195: 168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
Page 196 and 197: 170 IPY 20 07-20 08 developed or pr
Page 198 and 199: 172 IPY 20 07-20 08 decrease in the
Page 200 and 201: Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
Page 202 and 203: 176 IPY 20 07-20 08 providing plent
Page 204 and 205: 178 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sampling of the
Page 206 and 207: Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
Page 208 and 209: Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scien
Page 210 and 211: 184 IPY 20 07-20 08 48(1): 5-21. Di
Page 212 and 213: 186 IPY 20 07-20 08 doi:10.1029/200
Page 214 and 215: Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
Page 216 and 217: Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
Page 218 and 219: Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
Page 220 and 221: 194 IPY 20 07-20 08 period. These p
Page 222 and 223: Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
Page 224 and 225: Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
Page 226 and 227: 200 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.3-8. Ver
Page 228 and 229: Fig. 2.3-9. CAML ship sampling duri
Page 230 and 231: 204 IPY 20 07-20 08 the theory that
Page 232 and 233: Fig. 2.3-12. Dead krill on the beac
Page 234 and 235: Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
Page 236 and 237: 210 IPY 20 07-20 08 tions and Infor
Page 238 and 239: 212 IPY 20 07-20 08 solved iron in
Page 240 and 241: 214 IPY 20 07-20 08 Antarctic ice s
Page 244 and 245: 218 IPY 20 07-20 08 other Greenland
Page 246 and 247: Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
Page 248 and 249: 222 IPY 20 07-20 08 In July-August
Page 250 and 251: Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
Page 252 and 253: Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
Page 254 and 255: 228 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.4-10. Ta
Page 256 and 257: Fig. 2.4-12. Airborne lidar and gro
Page 258 and 259: 232 IPY 20 07-20 08 tic and Antarct
Page 260 and 261: 234 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.5-1. Sch
Page 262 and 263: 236 IPY 20 07-20 08 our planet: the
Page 264 and 265: 238 IPY 20 07-20 08 base Syowa via
Page 266 and 267: 240 IPY 20 07-20 08 possible to add
Page 268 and 269: 242 IPY 20 07-20 08 sary environmen
Page 270 and 271: Fig. 2.6-1. An artist’s cross-sec
Page 272 and 273: 246 IPY 20 07-20 08 conditions. The
Page 274 and 275: Fig. 2.6-3. Russian scientific trav
Page 276 and 277: 250 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.6-5a. Co
Page 278 and 279: 252 IPY 20 07-20 08 Emerging Subgla
Page 280 and 281: 254 IPY 20 07-20 08 Masolov V.N., S
Page 282 and 283: Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
Page 284 and 285: 258 IPY 20 07-20 08 contributed to
Page 286 and 287: Table 2.7-1. Inventory of Northern
Page 288 and 289: Table 2.7-2. Inventory of Antarctic
Page 290 and 291: 264 IPY 20 07-20 08 Arctic Circum-P
Page 292 and 293:
266 IPY 20 07-20 08 Northern Circum
Page 294 and 295:
268 IPY 20 07-20 08 Permafrost in t
Page 296 and 297:
270 IPY 20 07-20 08 Engineers Offic
Page 298 and 299:
272 IPY 20 07-20 08 Valcárcel-Día
Page 300 and 301:
Fig. 2.8-1. Antarctica’s Gamburts
Page 302 and 303:
276 IPY 20 07-20 08 sampling at rel
Page 304 and 305:
278 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.8-5. PLA
Page 306 and 307:
Fig. 2.8-6. POLENET autonomous, col
Page 308 and 309:
Fig. 2.8-7. Continuouslyrecording G
Page 310 and 311:
284 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seismic imaging
Page 312 and 313:
286 IPY 20 07-20 08 expectations of
Page 314 and 315:
288 IPY 20 07-20 08 Willis, 2009b.
Page 316 and 317:
290 IPY 20 07-20 08 Meet. Suppl., A
Page 318 and 319:
292 IPY 20 07-20 08 mantle beneath
Page 320 and 321:
Table 2.9-1. Terrestrial Projects u
Page 322 and 323:
296 IPY 20 07-20 08 future. For thi
Page 324 and 325:
Fig. 2.9-2. A small moving drill wa
Page 326 and 327:
300 IPY 20 07-20 08 2.9-4. Field si
Page 328 and 329:
302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
Page 330 and 331:
304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
Page 332 and 333:
Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
Page 334 and 335:
308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
Page 336 and 337:
310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
Page 338 and 339:
Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
Page 340 and 341:
314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
Page 342 and 343:
316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
Page 344 and 345:
318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
Page 346 and 347:
Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
Page 348 and 349:
322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
Page 350 and 351:
Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
Page 352 and 353:
Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
Page 354 and 355:
328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
Page 356 and 357:
330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
Page 358 and 359:
332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
Page 360 and 361:
334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
Page 362 and 363:
Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
Page 364 and 365:
338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
Page 366 and 367:
340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
Page 368 and 369:
342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
Page 370 and 371:
344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
Page 372 and 373:
Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
Page 374 and 375:
348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
Page 376 and 377:
350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
Page 378 and 379:
352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
Page 380 and 381:
354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
Page 382 and 383:
356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
Page 384 and 385:
358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
Page 386 and 387:
360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
Page 388 and 389:
Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
Page 390 and 391:
Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
Page 392 and 393:
Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
Page 394 and 395:
Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
Page 396 and 397:
370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
Page 398 and 399:
Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
Page 400 and 401:
Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
Page 402 and 403:
Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
Page 404 and 405:
Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
Page 406 and 407:
Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
Page 408 and 409:
382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
Page 410 and 411:
384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
Page 412 and 413:
386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
Page 414 and 415:
388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
Page 416 and 417:
Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
Page 418 and 419:
392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
Page 420 and 421:
Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
Page 422 and 423:
396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
Page 424 and 425:
Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
Page 426 and 427:
Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
Page 428 and 429:
Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
Page 430 and 431:
404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
Page 432 and 433:
406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
Page 434 and 435:
408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
Page 436 and 437:
Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
Page 438 and 439:
Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
Page 440 and 441:
414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
Page 442 and 443:
416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
Page 444 and 445:
Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
Page 446 and 447:
420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
Page 448 and 449:
422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
Page 450 and 451:
424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
Page 452 and 453:
Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
Page 454 and 455:
Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
Page 456 and 457:
Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
Page 458 and 459:
Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
Page 460 and 461:
434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
Page 462 and 463:
436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
Page 464 and 465:
438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
Page 466 and 467:
Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
Page 468 and 469:
Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
Page 470 and 471:
444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
Page 472 and 473:
Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
Page 474 and 475:
Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
Page 476 and 477:
Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
Page 478 and 479:
Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
Page 480 and 481:
454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
Page 482 and 483:
456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
Page 484 and 485:
458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
Page 486 and 487:
460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
Page 488 and 489:
Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
Page 490 and 491:
464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
Page 492 and 493:
466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
Page 494 and 495:
468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
Page 496 and 497:
470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
Page 498 and 499:
472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
Page 500 and 501:
Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
Page 502 and 503:
476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
Page 504 and 505:
478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
Page 506 and 507:
480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
Page 508 and 509:
482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
Page 510 and 511:
Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
Page 512 and 513:
486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
Page 514 and 515:
488 IPY 20 07-20 08 Officers from m
Page 516 and 517:
Fig. 4.1-2. Students in Portugal to
Page 518 and 519:
492 IPY 20 07-20 08 Two internation
Page 520 and 521:
494 IPY 20 07-20 08 the submissions
Page 522 and 523:
Fig. 4.1-4. (left) Teachers partici
Page 524 and 525:
498 IPY 20 07-20 08 conference, ‘
Page 526 and 527:
500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
Page 528 and 529:
Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
Page 530 and 531:
504 IPY 20 07-20 08 Google Groups t
Page 532 and 533:
506 IPY 20 07-20 08 tative/liaison
Page 534 and 535:
508 IPY 20 07-20 08 material had to
Page 536 and 537:
510 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Arct
Page 538 and 539:
512 IPY 20 07-20 08 Highlights from
Page 540 and 541:
514 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
Page 542 and 543:
Fig. 4.3-1. Participants of the mee
Page 544 and 545:
Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
Page 546 and 547:
520 IPY 20 07-20 08 management. The
Page 548 and 549:
Fig. 4.3-4. During IPY early career
Page 550 and 551:
524 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T FI V E :
Page 552 and 553:
526 IPY 20 07-20 08 ‘legacies’)
Page 554 and 555:
528 IPY 20 07-20 08 sciences_for_ip
Page 556 and 557:
530 IPY 20 07-20 08 of multidiscipl
Page 558 and 559:
Fig. 5.1-2 In situ platforms, inclu
Page 560 and 561:
534 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion documented
Page 562 and 563:
536 IPY 20 07-20 08 warming over th
Page 564 and 565:
538 IPY 20 07-20 08 the Russian Ant
Page 566 and 567:
540 IPY 20 07-20 08 Background with
Page 568 and 569:
542 IPY 20 07-20 08 achievements al
Page 570 and 571:
544 IPY 20 07-20 08 with a Sunyaev-
Page 572 and 573:
546 IPY 20 07-20 08 doing will cont
Page 574 and 575:
548 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 (
Page 576 and 577:
Fig.5.2-4. Proposed structure of th
Page 578 and 579:
552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
Page 580 and 581:
554 IPY 20 07-20 08 References ACIA
Page 582 and 583:
556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
Page 584 and 585:
Fig.5.3-1. Routine CTD profiling du
Page 586 and 587:
560 IPY 20 07-20 08 Svalbard, Norwa
Page 588 and 589:
Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
Page 590 and 591:
Fig.5.3-9. Participants of the IPY
Page 592 and 593:
Fig.5.3-11. Japanese- Swedish Antar
Page 594 and 595:
Fig.5.3-13. Memorial photo after th
Page 596 and 597:
570 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.3-15. New
Page 598 and 599:
Fig.5.3-17. Malaysian biologist Che
Page 600 and 601:
Fig.5.3-19. Malaysian Arctic sampli
Page 602 and 603:
576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
Page 604 and 605:
578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
Page 606 and 607:
Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
Page 608 and 609:
582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
Page 610 and 611:
584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
Page 612 and 613:
586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
Page 614 and 615:
Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
Page 616 and 617:
Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
Page 618 and 619:
592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
Page 620 and 621:
594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
Page 622 and 623:
596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
Page 624 and 625:
598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
Page 626 and 627:
600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
Page 628 and 629:
602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
Page 630 and 631:
604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
Page 632 and 633:
Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
Page 634 and 635:
608 IPY 20 07-20 08 speakers and pa
Page 636 and 637:
610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
Page 638 and 639:
612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
Page 640 and 641:
614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
Page 642 and 643:
Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
Page 644 and 645:
618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
Page 646 and 647:
Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
Page 648 and 649:
622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
Page 650 and 651:
624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
Page 652 and 653:
626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
Page 654 and 655:
628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
Page 656 and 657:
Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
Page 658 and 659:
632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
Page 660 and 661:
634 IPY 20 07-20 08
Page 662 and 663:
636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
Page 664 and 665:
638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
Page 666 and 667:
640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
Page 668 and 669:
642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
Page 670 and 671:
644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
Page 672 and 673:
Page 674 and 675:
Page 676 and 677:
650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
Page 678 and 679:
652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
Page 680 and 681:
654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
Page 682 and 683:
656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
Page 684 and 685:
658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
Page 686 and 687:
660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
Page 688 and 689:
662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
Page 690 and 691:
Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
Page 692 and 693:
Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
Page 694 and 695:
668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
Page 696 and 697:
670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
Page 698 and 699:
672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
Page 700 and 701:
674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
Page 702 and 703:
676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
Page 704 and 705:
678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
Page 706 and 707:
680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
Page 708 and 709:
682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
Page 710 and 711:
684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
Page 712 and 713:
686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
Page 714 and 715:
688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
Page 716 and 717:
690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
Page 718 and 719:
692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
Page 720 and 721:
694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
Page 724:
698 The International Polar Year (I
show all

International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?