International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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538 IPY 20 07–20 08 the Russian Antarctic Expedition beneath Dome A, the highest part of the East Antarctic ice sheet. No systematic study of this enigmatic mountain range has been undertaken during the ensuing 50 years. The first results of the major Gamburtsev Mountain range under IPY 2007–2008 program are now emerging (Ferracioli et al., 2010; Wiens et al., 2010) (Fig. 5.1-5). The mountains are carved by a deep fluvial network indicating that they are older than the ice sheet. Both seismic and gravity measurements provide evidence of thickened crust beneath the mountains, indicating that they are old even though the topography may be geologically young (~35Ma). The thickened crust points to a very unusual evolution of this part of the Antarctic continent. Several new studies just before IPY 2007–2008 revealed that the base of the Antarctic ice sheet contains an active subglacial hydrologic system including lakes that drained over the course of months (Chapter 2.6). Geophysical investigations during IPY showed this also occurred at Dome A and have provided evidences on the important role of subglacial water in ice sheet movement, stability and mass balance. Evidence of water in the deep valleys beneath Dome A indicated an active subglacial hydrologic system including widespread freezing of water from these systems onto the base of the ice sheet (Bell et al., 2010a). Generally the accumulation of snow on the surface of ice sheets is the main mechanism for ice sheet growth, but beneath the Dome, frozen-on ice occurs under almost one quarter of the ice sheet base. In some places up to half the ice thickness is a result of this novel freeze-on process (Chapters 2.5 and 2.6). The focus of previous IPYs was primarily on geosciences and the physical world. The advent of modern genomic techniques opened the door to a microbial level frontier as one of the targets of IPY 2007–2008. One of the projects discovered polar microorganisms with surprising diversity, essential ecological functions and environmental roles as global warming sentinels. This has resulted in a major leap forward in our understanding of the microbial diversity of polar ecosystems and has contributed fundamental insights into arctic habitats, their communities and climate impacts. Striking microbial communities were found in the perennial cold springs in the Canadian High Arctic. Grey-coloured microbial streamers form there during winter in snow-covered regions but disappear during the Arctic summer. The streamers are uniquely dominated by sulfur-oxidizing species (Vincent et al., 2009). This finding broadens our knowledge of the physicochemical limits for life on Earth. Several High Arctic microbe taxa were >99% similar to Antarctic and alpine sequences, including to the ones previously considered to be endemic to Antarctica. One High Arctic gene sequence was 99.8% similar to Leptolyngbya antarctica sequenced from the Larsemann Hills, Antarctica and many of the Arctic taxa were highly dissimilar to those from warmer environments (Chapter 2.9). These results imply a global distribution of low-temperature cyanobacterial ecotypes, or cold-adaptive endemic species, throughout the cold terrestrial biosphere. Mid-ocean ridges have been the focus of much study since their discovery during IGY. Beneath the Arctic Ocean, the Gakkel Ridge is the slowest spreading mid-ocean ridge on the planet and was targeted for IPY studies. This ultra-slow spreading ridge is often assumed to be relatively inactive. During IPY 2007–2008, evidence for explosive volcanism was discovered on the Gakkel Ridge (Sohn et al., 2008). The first-ever evidence for explosive volcanism on a mid-ocean ridge was documented with images of the ocean floor blanketed in an extensive frozen frothy lava including fragments of a bubble wall. This discovery raises questions about the accumulation of volatiles and gases in the magma chambers beneath slow spreading ridges during the long time between eruptions; little is currently known about the dynamics of magma chambers on these ridges. Some of the basic discovery during IPY 2007–2008 resulted from collaborative work at both poles looking at the inventory of carbon stored in the permafrost layer. Permafrost is the ground, soil or rock and associated ice and organic material, which remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years. More than 20% of the terrestrial part of the surface of the northern hemisphere consists of permafrost. If permafrost thaws, these large pools of previously frozen organic carbon within it may be remobilized releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases. These can contribute to a positive feedback loop in the climate system as the additional warming resulting from the release of the permafrost greenhouse gases
will trigger more permafrost thawing. The new IPY estimate of total below ground soil carbon stored in permafrost regions (ca. 1672 PgC) is more than twice the previous value. It is more than double the present atmospheric pool (ca. 750 PgC) and three times larger than the total global forest biomass (ca. 450 PgC) (Chapter 2.7). Multiple IPY studies solidified the basis for improved assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather models for regional polar prediction. Particular emphasis was put on improving the representation in models of surface processes, high-latitude clouds, cloud/radiation interactions and other key energy exchanges in the Arctic. These atmospheric models are now being run at increased resolution and are able to reproduce several processes that are essential for high-impact weather prediction. The newly incorporated processes include the role of local and middle latitude flow distortions caused by steep orographic changes, for example that in Greenland, and mesoscale phenomena referred to as “polar bombs”. In the social/human field, by far the most important frontier theme explored in IPY 2007–2008, was the relationship between indigenous perspectives developed via generations of shared knowledge and observations, and the data and interpretations generated through thematic scholarly research. The field that compares such perspective did not exist prior to the late 1990s. Several IPY projects contributed to our increased understanding of how indigenous knowledge could be matched with instrumental data in monitoring the changes in Arctic ice, snow and vegetation condition, marine mammal and caribou/ reindeer migrations, behavioral patterns of polar animals and fishes. Another ‘frontier’ area in IPY social science studies centers on making polar research culturally and socially relevant to local residents by collaborating with new groups of stakeholders on research planning in their home areas (Chapter 5.4). As more attention is being paid to local concerns and community observations, the new research goals are set through dialogue with local communities (Chapters 2.10, 3.10 and 5.4). The preservation of the polar environments from possible impacts has been revealed as an important issue connected with the increasing human impacts. The introduction of non-native species in the isolated Antarctic environment has been studied during IPY and opens a way for future protection actions. Yet another frontier area pioneered in IPY 2007– 2008 is the comparative study of northern-southern hemisphere processes under the concept of ‘fringe environments’ (Hacquebord and Avango 2009); this concept is relevant to both hemispheres. In the social sciences and humanities field, it focuses on the history of polar explorations, commercial use of local resources, polar governance, tourism and heritage preservation (Chapter 2.10). Theme 5: Unique Vantage Point of the Polar Regions The fifth theme sought to leverage the polar regions as unique sites for investigating distant realms. The vantage point theme aimed to use the unique location and conditions of the polar regions to develop and enhance observatories studying the Earth’s inner core, the Earth’s magnetic field, geospace, the Sun and beyond. The questions advanced ranged from what is the influence of solar processes at the polar regions on earth’s climate to what is the state of the earth’s magnetic dipole. During IPY, astronomers continued leveraging the unique observing conditions offered by the polar regions to conduct a range of astronomical studies. Polar sites from South Pole, Dome C, Dome A, Dome F and Ridge A on the East Antarctic ice sheet to Arctic sites in Ellesmere Island and Greenland were evaluated as sites for new observatories (http:// mcba11.phys.unsw.edu.au/~plato/). Places with already existing observatories, such as South Pole (Amundsen Scott Station) and Dome C (Concordia Station), have been broadly recognized as key places with great potential for astronomical observations and have been improved during IPY. Measurements of the atmospheric water vapor above Dome A during IPY showed it to be the driest location on Earth, with a vapor column as low as 25 microns of precipitable water for days at a time. With this dry atmosphere, the Antarctic plateau sites are the only locations on our planet from where routine astronomical observations in the terahertz spectrum (10 12 Hz) are possible. During IPY, astronomers detected a previously unknown class of galaxy clusters by studies of the Cosmic Microwave l e g a C I e s 539
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
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vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
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viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
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x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
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xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
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xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
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xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
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xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
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xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
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xxii IPY 20 07-20 08 from many of t
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xxiv IPY 20 07-20 08
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2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
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4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
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Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
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8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
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10 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.1-4 Globa
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Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
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14 IPY 20 07-20 08 at the same Dani
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Fig. 1.1-8 U.S. Navy and constructi
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18 IPY 20 07-20 08 Cooperation.’
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20 IPY 20 07-20 08 decades (1950-19
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22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
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24 IPY 20 07-20 08 World Data Cente
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26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
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28 IPY 20 07-20 08 23 Berkner’s l
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Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
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Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
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34 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1 Neumayer D
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Fig. 1.2-7. Fragment from the minut
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38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
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40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
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42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
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44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
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46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
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48 IPY 20 07-20 08 Notes 1 Andreev
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50 IPY 20 07-20 08 nations needed t
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52 IPY 20 07-20 08 ICSU and WMO Pro
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54 IPY 20 07-20 08 Thiede for SCAR,
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56 IPY 20 07-20 08 PG-3, First Disc
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Fig. 1.3-7 (right). Cover page of t
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60 IPY 20 07-20 08 established by 1
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62 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 The develo
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Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
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Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
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68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
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70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
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Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
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74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
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Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
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78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
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80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
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82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
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84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
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86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
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88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
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90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
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92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
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94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
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96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
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98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
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100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
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Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
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104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
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106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
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Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
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Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
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112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
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116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
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118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
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120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
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122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
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Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
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126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
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128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
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130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
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132 IPY 20 07-20 08 and data manage
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134 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T WO: IP
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136 IPY 20 07-20 08 of which have g
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Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
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140 IPY 20 07-20 08 instruments on
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Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
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Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
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146 IPY 20 07-20 08 fractional sea
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148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
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150 IPY 20 07-20 08 vations obtaine
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152 IPY 20 07-20 08 pre-dating the
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154 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sensing, 48(4):
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Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
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Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
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Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
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162 IPY 20 07-20 08 quality of the
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164 IPY 20 07-20 08 much of the ozo
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166 IPY 20 07-20 08 concentration m
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168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
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170 IPY 20 07-20 08 developed or pr
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172 IPY 20 07-20 08 decrease in the
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Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
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176 IPY 20 07-20 08 providing plent
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178 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sampling of the
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Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
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Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scien
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184 IPY 20 07-20 08 48(1): 5-21. Di
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186 IPY 20 07-20 08 doi:10.1029/200
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Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
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Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
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Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
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194 IPY 20 07-20 08 period. These p
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Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
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Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
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200 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.3-8. Ver
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Fig. 2.3-9. CAML ship sampling duri
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204 IPY 20 07-20 08 the theory that
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Fig. 2.3-12. Dead krill on the beac
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Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
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210 IPY 20 07-20 08 tions and Infor
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212 IPY 20 07-20 08 solved iron in
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214 IPY 20 07-20 08 Antarctic ice s
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216 IPY 20 07-20 08 so-called Dansg
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218 IPY 20 07-20 08 other Greenland
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Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
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222 IPY 20 07-20 08 In July-August
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Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
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Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
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228 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.4-10. Ta
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Fig. 2.4-12. Airborne lidar and gro
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232 IPY 20 07-20 08 tic and Antarct
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234 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.5-1. Sch
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236 IPY 20 07-20 08 our planet: the
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238 IPY 20 07-20 08 base Syowa via
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240 IPY 20 07-20 08 possible to add
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242 IPY 20 07-20 08 sary environmen
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Fig. 2.6-1. An artist’s cross-sec
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246 IPY 20 07-20 08 conditions. The
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Fig. 2.6-3. Russian scientific trav
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250 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.6-5a. Co
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252 IPY 20 07-20 08 Emerging Subgla
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254 IPY 20 07-20 08 Masolov V.N., S
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Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
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258 IPY 20 07-20 08 contributed to
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Table 2.7-1. Inventory of Northern
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Table 2.7-2. Inventory of Antarctic
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264 IPY 20 07-20 08 Arctic Circum-P
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266 IPY 20 07-20 08 Northern Circum
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268 IPY 20 07-20 08 Permafrost in t
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270 IPY 20 07-20 08 Engineers Offic
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272 IPY 20 07-20 08 Valcárcel-Día
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Fig. 2.8-1. Antarctica’s Gamburts
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276 IPY 20 07-20 08 sampling at rel
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278 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.8-5. PLA
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Fig. 2.8-6. POLENET autonomous, col
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Fig. 2.8-7. Continuouslyrecording G
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284 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seismic imaging
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286 IPY 20 07-20 08 expectations of
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288 IPY 20 07-20 08 Willis, 2009b.
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290 IPY 20 07-20 08 Meet. Suppl., A
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292 IPY 20 07-20 08 mantle beneath
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Table 2.9-1. Terrestrial Projects u
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296 IPY 20 07-20 08 future. For thi
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Fig. 2.9-2. A small moving drill wa
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300 IPY 20 07-20 08 2.9-4. Field si
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302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
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304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
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Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
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308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
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310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
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Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
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314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
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316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
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318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
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Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
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322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
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Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
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Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
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328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
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330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
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332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
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334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
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Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
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338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
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340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
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342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
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344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
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Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
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348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
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350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
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352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
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354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
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356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
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358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
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360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
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Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
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Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
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Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
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Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
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370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
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Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
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Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
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Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
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Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
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382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
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384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
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386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
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388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
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Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
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392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
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Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
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396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
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Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
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Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
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Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
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404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
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406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
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408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
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Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
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Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
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414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
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416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
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Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
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420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
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422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
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424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
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Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
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Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
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Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
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Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
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434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
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436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
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438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
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Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
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Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
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444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
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Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
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Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
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Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
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Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
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454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
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456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
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458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
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460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
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Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
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464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
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466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
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468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
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470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
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472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
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Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
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476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
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478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
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480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
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482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
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Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
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486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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Page 526 and 527: 500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
Page 528 and 529: Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
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Page 532 and 533: 506 IPY 20 07-20 08 tative/liaison
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Page 544 and 545: Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
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Page 578 and 579: 552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
Page 580 and 581: 554 IPY 20 07-20 08 References ACIA
Page 582 and 583: 556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
Page 584 and 585: Fig.5.3-1. Routine CTD profiling du
Page 586 and 587: 560 IPY 20 07-20 08 Svalbard, Norwa
Page 588 and 589: Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
Page 590 and 591: Fig.5.3-9. Participants of the IPY
Page 592 and 593: Fig.5.3-11. Japanese- Swedish Antar
Page 594 and 595: Fig.5.3-13. Memorial photo after th
Page 596 and 597: 570 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.3-15. New
Page 598 and 599: Fig.5.3-17. Malaysian biologist Che
Page 600 and 601: Fig.5.3-19. Malaysian Arctic sampli
Page 602 and 603: 576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
Page 604 and 605: 578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
Page 606 and 607: Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
Page 608 and 609: 582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
Page 610 and 611: 584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
Page 612 and 613: 586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
Page 614 and 615:
Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
Page 616 and 617:
Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
Page 618 and 619:
592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
Page 620 and 621:
594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
Page 622 and 623:
596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
Page 624 and 625:
598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
Page 626 and 627:
600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
Page 628 and 629:
602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
Page 630 and 631:
604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
Page 632 and 633:
Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
Page 634 and 635:
608 IPY 20 07-20 08 speakers and pa
Page 636 and 637:
610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
Page 638 and 639:
612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
Page 640 and 641:
614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
Page 642 and 643:
Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
Page 644 and 645:
618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
Page 646 and 647:
Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
Page 648 and 649:
622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
Page 650 and 651:
624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
Page 652 and 653:
626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
Page 654 and 655:
628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
Page 656 and 657:
Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
Page 658 and 659:
632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
Page 660 and 661:
634 IPY 20 07-20 08
Page 662 and 663:
636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
Page 664 and 665:
638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
Page 666 and 667:
640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
Page 668 and 669:
642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
Page 670 and 671:
644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
Page 672 and 673:
Page 674 and 675:
Page 676 and 677:
650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
Page 678 and 679:
652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
Page 680 and 681:
654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
Page 682 and 683:
656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
Page 684 and 685:
658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
Page 686 and 687:
660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
Page 688 and 689:
662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
Page 690 and 691:
Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
Page 692 and 693:
Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
Page 694 and 695:
668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
Page 696 and 697:
670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
Page 698 and 699:
672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
Page 700 and 701:
674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
Page 702 and 703:
676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
Page 704 and 705:
678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
Page 706 and 707:
680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
Page 708 and 709:
682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
Page 710 and 711:
684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
Page 712 and 713:
686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
Page 714 and 715:
688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
Page 716 and 717:
690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
Page 718 and 719:
692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
Page 720 and 721:
694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
Page 724:
698 The International Polar Year (I
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International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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