International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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252 IPY 20 07–20 08 Emerging Subglacial Exploration Programs Significant progress has continued on subglacial lake exploration after the IPY period. Almost a decade of planning has led to the funding of major new programs to study various aspects of subglacial aquatic environments. These programs are in addition to continuing efforts at Lake Vostok. An ambitious U.K.-led program will survey and sample Subglacial Lake Ellsworth in West Antarctica in the next few years with lake entry predicted in 2011-2012. The geophysical studies of Lake Ellsworth have shown it to be 10 km long, 2-3 km wide and at least 160 m deep (under 3 km of ice). Surveys confirmed that sedimentary deposits can be expected on the floor of the lake. The surrounding topography revealed that the area is an ancient fjord developed at a time when an ice cap occupied the Ellsworth Mountains prior to the development of the West Antarctic ice sheet. Geophysical surveys confirmed that the lake has likely persisted through glacial cycles. The project will access the lake using clean hotwater drilling and deploy a probe to sample and measure both the water and sediment. Lake penetration and in situ sensing and sampling should take place in 2012. On a similar time scale, the U.S. has funded a further program (WISSARD) to enter, instrument and sample an ‘actively discharging’ subglacial aquatic system beneath Whillans Ice Stream, which is also in West Antarctica. Russian researchers had hoped to penetrate Lake Vostok during IPY, but were beset by technical problems so they are now developing a new strategy for lake penetration and sampling. References Alekhina I.A., D. Marie, J.R. Petit, V.V. Lukin, V.M. Zubkov and S.A. Bulat, 2007. Molecular analysis of bacterial diversity in kerosene-based drilling fluid from the deep ice borehole at Vostok, East Antarctica. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 59:289-299. Bell, R and D.M. Karl, 1998. Lake Vostok Workshop: A Curiosity or a Focus for Interdisciplinary Study? Report to the National Academies: Washington D.C. Bell, R.E., M. Studinger, M.A. Fahnestock and C.A. Shuman, 2006. Tectonically controlled subglacial A New Frontier in Antarctic Science is Advanced by IPY The IPY period saw the development of significant new insights into the importance of subglacial aquatic environments including: • subglacial lakes were common features of ice sheets, • a spectrum of subglacial environments exists, • subglacial hydrologic systems and water movement beneath ice sheets on various spatial and temporal scales were common, • subglacial lakes may be linked with the onset of ice streams influencing ice sheet movement, and • outbursts of subglacial waters could have feasibly played a role in past climate change. The exploration and study of subglacial aquatic environments is at its earliest stages and if the major advances realized during IPY are any indication of what is to come, the most exciting discoveries will unfold in the years ahead. In just a decade, findings regarding subglacial aquatic environments have revolutionized how Antarctica is perceived (Fig. 2.6-6). Ice sheets are now seen as exhibiting a highly dynamic behaviour and the environments beneath them may play critical roles in fundamental processes that affect the complex interplay of geology, glaciology, tectonics, ecology and climate over geologic time. On-going and planned projects will ultimately determine if subglacial environments house unique microbiological assemblages, but these programs would not have been possible without the momentum provided by the IPY. lakes on the flanks of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, East Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33: L02504. Bell, R.E., M.Studinger, C.A. Shuman, M.A. Fahnestock and I. Joughin, 2007. Large subglacial lakes in East Antarctica at the onset of fast-flowing ice, Nature, 445: 904-907. Bell, R.E., M. Studinger, A. Tikku, G.K.C. Clarke, M.M. Gutner and C. Meertens, 2002. Origin and fate of Lake Vostok water frozen to the base of the East Antarc-
tic ice sheet. Nature, 416:307-310. Bulat, S.A., I.A. Alekhina, M. Blot, J.R. Petit, M. de Angelis, D. Wagenbach, V.Y. Lipenkov, L.P. Vasilyeva, D.M. Wloch, D. Raynaud and V.V. Lukin, 2004. DNA signature of thermophilic bacteria from the aged accretion ice of Lake Vostok, Antarctica: implications for searching life in extreme icy environments. Int. J. Astrobiol., 3(1):1–12, doi: 10.1017/ S1473550404001879. Bulat, S.A., I.A. Alekhina, V.Y. Lipenkov, V.V. Lukin, D. Marie and J.R. Petit, 2009. Cell Concentration of Microorganisms in Glacial and Lake Ice of the Vostok Ice Core, East Antarctica, Microbiology, 78(6):808–810, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. (Original Russian text S.A. Bulat, I.A. Alekhina, V.Ya. Lipenkov, V.V. Lukin, D. Marie and J.R. Petit, Mikrobiologiya, 78(6):850–852). Bulat, S.A., I.A. Alekhina, J.R. Petit, V.Ya. Lipenkov and V.V. Lukin, 2007. Оtsenka biogeochimicheskogo potentsiala podlednikovogo ozera Vostok, Vostochnaya Antarktida, v plane podderzhaniya mikrobnoy zhizni. (An assessment of the biogeochemical potential of subglacial Lake Vostok, East Antarctica, in relation to microbial life support). Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki (The Problems of the Arctic and the Antarctic), 76: 06-112. Bulat, S.A., I.A. Alekhina, V.Y. Lipenkov, V.V. Lukin and J.R. Petit, 2007. Microbial Life in Extreme Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments: Lake Vostok. In: Bresler Memorial Lectures II, RAS, PNPI, St Petersburg, 264-269. Christner, B., G. Royston-Bishop, C.M. Foreman, B.R. Arnold, M. Tranter, K. A. W.B. Welch, W.B. Lyons, A.I. Tsapin, M. Studinger and J.C. Priscu, 2006. Limnological conditions in Subglacial Lake Vostok, Antarctica. Limnology and Oceanogrpahy, 51(6):2485- 2501. de Angelis, M., J.R. Petit, J. Savarino, R. Souchez and M.H. Thiemens, 2004. Contributions of an ancient evaporitic-type reservoir to subglacial Lake Vostok chemistry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 222:751-765. Ekaykin A.A., V.Y. Lipenkov, J.R. Petit, S. Johnsen, J. Jouzel and V. Masson-Delmotte, in press. Insights into hydrological regime of Lake Vostok from differential behavior of deuterium and oxygen-18 in accreted ice. J. Geophys. Res. Elia, T., R. Veerapaneni and S.O. Rogers, 2008. Isolation of microbes from Lake Vostok accretion ice. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 74:4962–4965. Fricker, H.A., T. Scambos, R. Bindschadler and L. Padman, 2007. An Active Subglacial Water System in West Antarctica Mapped from Space. Science, 31:1544 - 1548. Gabrielli P., F. Planchon, C. Barbante, C. F. Boutron, J.R. Petit, S. Bulat, S. Hong, G. Cozzi and P. Cescon, 2009. Ultra-low rare earth element content in accreted ice from sub-glacial Lake Vostok, Antarctica. Geoch. et Cosmoch. Acta, 73:5959–5974. Jean-Baptiste, P., J.R. Petit, V.Y. Lipenkov, D. Raynaud and N.I. Barkov, 2001. Constraints on hydrothermal processes and water exchange in Lake Vostok from helium isotopes. Nature, 411:460-462. Jouzel, J., J.R. Petit, R. Souchez, N.I. Barkov, V.Y. Lipenkov, D. Raynaud, M. Stievenard, M., N.I. Vassiliev, V. Verbeke and F. Vimeux, 1999. More than 200 meters of lake ice above subglacial lake Vostok, Antarctica. Science, 286(5447):2138-2141. Kapitsa, AP, J.K. Ridley, G.Q. Robin, M.J. Siegert and I.A. Zotikov, 1996. A large deep freshwater lake beneath the ice of central East Antarctica. Nature, 381:684-686. Karl, D.M., D.F. Bird, K. Bjorkman, T. Houlihan, R. Shackelford and T. Tupas, 1999. Microorganisms in the accreted ice of Lake Vostok, Antarctica. Science, 286(5447):2144-2147. Lavire, C., P. Normand, I. Alekhina, S. Bulat, D. Prieur, J.L. Birrien, P. Fournier, C. Hänni and J.R. Petit, 2006. Presence of Hydrogenophylus thermoluteolus DNA in accretion ice in the subglacial Lake Vostok, Antarctica, assessed using rrs, cbb and hox, Env. Microbiol., 8(12):2106-2114. Leitchenkov, G.L., B.V. Belyatsky, N.V. Rodionov and S.A. Sergeev, 2007. Insight into the geology of the East Antarctic hinterland: study of sediment inclusions from ice cores of the Lake Vostok borehole. In: A Keystone in a Changing World, USGS Open-File Report, 1047, A.K. Cooper, C.R. Raymond, (eds), Antarctica: Short Research Paper 014, doi:10.3133/ of2007-1047.srp014. Lipenkov, V.Ya., V.V. Lukin, S.A Bulat, N.I. Vasilyev, A.A. Ekaykin, G.L. Leychenkov, V.N. Masolov, S.B. Popov, L.M. Savatyugin, A.N. Salamatin and Yu. A. Shibaev (in print). The Results of the Studies on the Subglacial Lake Vostok during IPY. In: Trudy MPG, Vol. 3, <strong>Polar</strong> Cryosphere (in Russian). s C I e n C e P r o g r a m 253
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
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iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
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vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
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viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
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x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
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xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
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xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
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xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
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xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
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xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
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xxii IPY 20 07-20 08 from many of t
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xxiv IPY 20 07-20 08
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2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
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4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
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Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
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8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
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10 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.1-4 Globa
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Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
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14 IPY 20 07-20 08 at the same Dani
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Fig. 1.1-8 U.S. Navy and constructi
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18 IPY 20 07-20 08 Cooperation.’
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20 IPY 20 07-20 08 decades (1950-19
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22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
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24 IPY 20 07-20 08 World Data Cente
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26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
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28 IPY 20 07-20 08 23 Berkner’s l
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Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
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Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
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34 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1 Neumayer D
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Fig. 1.2-7. Fragment from the minut
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38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
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40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
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42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
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44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
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46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
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48 IPY 20 07-20 08 Notes 1 Andreev
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50 IPY 20 07-20 08 nations needed t
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52 IPY 20 07-20 08 ICSU and WMO Pro
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54 IPY 20 07-20 08 Thiede for SCAR,
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56 IPY 20 07-20 08 PG-3, First Disc
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Fig. 1.3-7 (right). Cover page of t
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60 IPY 20 07-20 08 established by 1
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62 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 The develo
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Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
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Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
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68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
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70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
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Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
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74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
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Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
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78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
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80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
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82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
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84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
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86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
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88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
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90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
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92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
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94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
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96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
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98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
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100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
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Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
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104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
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106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
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Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
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Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
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112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
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116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
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118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
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120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
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122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
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Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
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126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
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128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
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130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
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132 IPY 20 07-20 08 and data manage
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134 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T WO: IP
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136 IPY 20 07-20 08 of which have g
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Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
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140 IPY 20 07-20 08 instruments on
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Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
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Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
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146 IPY 20 07-20 08 fractional sea
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148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
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150 IPY 20 07-20 08 vations obtaine
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152 IPY 20 07-20 08 pre-dating the
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154 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sensing, 48(4):
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Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
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Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
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Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
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162 IPY 20 07-20 08 quality of the
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164 IPY 20 07-20 08 much of the ozo
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166 IPY 20 07-20 08 concentration m
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168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
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170 IPY 20 07-20 08 developed or pr
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172 IPY 20 07-20 08 decrease in the
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Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
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176 IPY 20 07-20 08 providing plent
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178 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sampling of the
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Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
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Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scien
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184 IPY 20 07-20 08 48(1): 5-21. Di
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186 IPY 20 07-20 08 doi:10.1029/200
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Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
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Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
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Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
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194 IPY 20 07-20 08 period. These p
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Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
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Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
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200 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.3-8. Ver
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Page 234 and 235: Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
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Page 246 and 247: Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
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Page 250 and 251: Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
Page 252 and 253: Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
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Page 282 and 283: Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
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302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
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304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
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Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
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308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
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310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
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Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
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314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
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316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
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318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
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Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
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322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
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Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
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Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
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328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
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330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
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332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
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334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
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Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
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338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
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340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
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342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
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344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
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Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
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348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
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350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
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352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
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354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
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356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
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358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
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360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
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Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
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Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
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Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
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Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
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370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
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Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
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Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
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Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
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Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
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382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
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384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
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386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
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388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
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Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
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392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
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Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
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396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
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Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
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Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
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Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
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404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
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406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
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408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
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Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
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Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
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414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
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416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
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Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
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420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
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422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
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424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
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Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
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Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
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Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
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Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
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434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
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436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
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438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
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Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
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Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
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444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
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Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
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Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
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Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
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Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
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454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
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456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
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458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
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460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
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Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
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464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
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466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
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468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
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470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
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472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
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Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
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476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
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478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
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480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
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482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
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Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
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486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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488 IPY 20 07-20 08 Officers from m
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Fig. 4.1-2. Students in Portugal to
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492 IPY 20 07-20 08 Two internation
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494 IPY 20 07-20 08 the submissions
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Fig. 4.1-4. (left) Teachers partici
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498 IPY 20 07-20 08 conference, ‘
Page 526 and 527:
500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
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Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
Page 530 and 531:
504 IPY 20 07-20 08 Google Groups t
Page 532 and 533:
506 IPY 20 07-20 08 tative/liaison
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508 IPY 20 07-20 08 material had to
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510 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Arct
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512 IPY 20 07-20 08 Highlights from
Page 540 and 541:
514 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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Fig. 4.3-1. Participants of the mee
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Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
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520 IPY 20 07-20 08 management. The
Page 548 and 549:
Fig. 4.3-4. During IPY early career
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524 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T FI V E :
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526 IPY 20 07-20 08 ‘legacies’)
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528 IPY 20 07-20 08 sciences_for_ip
Page 556 and 557:
530 IPY 20 07-20 08 of multidiscipl
Page 558 and 559:
Fig. 5.1-2 In situ platforms, inclu
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534 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion documented
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536 IPY 20 07-20 08 warming over th
Page 564 and 565:
538 IPY 20 07-20 08 the Russian Ant
Page 566 and 567:
540 IPY 20 07-20 08 Background with
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542 IPY 20 07-20 08 achievements al
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544 IPY 20 07-20 08 with a Sunyaev-
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546 IPY 20 07-20 08 doing will cont
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548 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 (
Page 576 and 577:
Fig.5.2-4. Proposed structure of th
Page 578 and 579:
552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
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554 IPY 20 07-20 08 References ACIA
Page 582 and 583:
556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
Page 584 and 585:
Fig.5.3-1. Routine CTD profiling du
Page 586 and 587:
560 IPY 20 07-20 08 Svalbard, Norwa
Page 588 and 589:
Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
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Fig.5.3-9. Participants of the IPY
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Fig.5.3-11. Japanese- Swedish Antar
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Fig.5.3-13. Memorial photo after th
Page 596 and 597:
570 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.3-15. New
Page 598 and 599:
Fig.5.3-17. Malaysian biologist Che
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Fig.5.3-19. Malaysian Arctic sampli
Page 602 and 603:
576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
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578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
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Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
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582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
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584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
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586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
Page 614 and 615:
Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
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Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
Page 618 and 619:
592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
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594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
Page 622 and 623:
596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
Page 624 and 625:
598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
Page 626 and 627:
600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
Page 628 and 629:
602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
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604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
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Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
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608 IPY 20 07-20 08 speakers and pa
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610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
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612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
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614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
Page 642 and 643:
Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
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618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
Page 646 and 647:
Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
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622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
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624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
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626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
Page 654 and 655:
628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
Page 656 and 657:
Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
Page 658 and 659:
632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
Page 660 and 661:
634 IPY 20 07-20 08
Page 662 and 663:
636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
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638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
Page 666 and 667:
640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
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642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
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644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
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Page 674 and 675:
Page 676 and 677:
650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
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652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
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654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
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656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
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658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
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660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
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662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
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Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
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Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
Page 694 and 695:
668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
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670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
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672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
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674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
Page 702 and 703:
676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
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678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
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680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
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682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
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684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
Page 712 and 713:
686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
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688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
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690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
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692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
Page 720 and 721:
694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
Page 724:
698 The International Polar Year (I
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