International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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14 IPY 20 07–20 08 at the same Danish Meteorological Institute. It completed its service on 31 December 1950, 17 years after the end of IPY-2, by producing a Bibliography of some 2,000 IPY-2 publications, and brief overview of its organization and implementation (Laursen, 1951). Despite the efforts of the CPY, neither a special series nor a uniform template for the IPY-2 publication was established and each participating nation presented the results of its program at will in English, German and/or in French, but also in Russian, Polish, Norwegian, Danish, Italian, Spanish, Finnish and Portuguese (Laursen, 1951; Elzinga, 2009, 2010b). Overall, IPY-2 is a story of great perseverance in the time of world economic depression and political uncertainty. It was completed thanks in large part to the generosity of a few outside donors, such as the International Association of Meteorology, International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, Carnegie Institution and the Rockefeller Foundation (Elzinga, 2009; Laursen, 1982), despite global economic crisis and the resulting lack of muchneeded funding in many nations like Canada, U.K. and the U.S.A. For whatever reasons, the post-1933 process suffered from repeated delays in the processing and publication of the data collected. La Cour once estimated that it would take five years to ensure the legacy of IPY-2 (Elzinga, 2009). But six years went by without any international meeting or major presentation, until World War II broke out in 1939 and buried any further hopes. By the time the Liquidation Commission was established in 1946 to complete the unfinished tasks of IPY-2, it was too late to re-energize the polar science community. Perhaps, that feeling of unfinished mission contributed to a new drive for the ‘third’ IPY and to cutting the time between the two initiatives from 50 to 25 years. It also explained why the IGY planners were so keen in promoting the results of IPY-2 in publications related to their venture 25 years later (Bartels, 1959; Beynon, 1959; Brooks, 1959; Paton, 1959; Vestine and Nagata, 1959). International Geophysical Year/IGY: 1957–1958 Of all IPY initiatives, the third IPY, which eventually became the International Geophysical Year 1957– 1958, due to its global geographic scope, has the bestdocumented chronology and the least controversial origination story. The idea of holding a new polar year in response to recent progress in polar science and technology was put forward on 5 April 1950 by Lloyd Berkner (1905–1967), ionospheric physicist and then executive secretary of the U.S. Research and Development Board. 23 He did so at a small dinner party that honored visiting British geophysicist Sydney Chapman (1888–1970) at James van Allen’s private house near Washington, D.C. (Chapman, 1953; Good, 2010; Jones, 1959; Korsmo, 2007, 2009). In that first deliberation, Chapman observed that the years 1957–1958 would correspond with the maximum of solar activity; so, a date was chosen to mark a 25-year interval since IPY-2. People who proposed the idea for a new polar year were well positioned in the science hierarchy 24 ; many of them also shared personal memories of the IPY-2 era. Several other veterans of IPY-2 became soon active in the planning and implementation of IGY. 25 The proposal for the ‘third polar year’ was advanced with a remarkable speed. A month later, in May 1950, the scientific aspects of the new initiative were discussed at a meeting at the Naval Rocket Station at Inyokern, China Lake, in California (Nicolet, 1982; Korsmo, 2007) and in July 1950 it was endorsed by the international conference on the Physics of the Ionosphere held at the Pennsylvania State College (Penn State), also in the U.S. In September 1950, Berkner and Chapman formally brought their proposal for the new polar year to the Mixed Commission on the Ionosphere of ICSU, a body comprising representatives from the International Union for Scientific Radio (URSI), International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). The Commission endorsed the idea and forwarded it to the respective Unions; all approved it. 26 The proposal was then considered by the Bureau (officers) of ICSU in May 1951 and was referred to the ICSU Executive Board. A small ‘preparatory committee’ was charged to supervise the process. A large segment of the international science community was thus quickly made aware of the plans
for a new polar year (Chapman, 1953). Over the next two years, an organizational structure based on the ICSU Unions was put in place. Also, during the boreal summer of 1951, ICSU invited the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the successor of IMO, to join the new initiative. WMO responded positively and urged that the observational program should be expanded to tropical and temperate regions, thus encompassing the whole planet. The shift to a new global vision was triggered by Danish meteorologist Johannes Egedal, who in his talk at the Assembly of the International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity in Brussels (23 August 1951) argued vigorously that “observations . . . should be taken all over the earth’’, and especially at the tropical and southern non-polar regions. It was Egedal who suggested to Chapman that the global character of the program could best be shown by changing its name. Chapman, always a savvy planner, duly agreed. In October 1952, the ICSU General Assembly formally endorsed the new initiative under the name ‘International Geophysical Year (IGY/AGI)/Année Géophysique Internationale’ (Chapman, 1953; Jones, 1959). It became a joint initiative of ICSU and WMO, with a larger role played by ICSU. On 30 June 1953, four years prior to the official starting date of IGY, the short-term ‘preparatory committee’ was transformed into a full-size Comité Special de l’Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI) of 13 members, with Chapman as President, Berkner as Vice-President and Marcel Nicolet (1912–1996) as Secretary General. 27 It met that same day in Brussels for its first session. The composition of CSAGI reflected the new structure of IGY. Unlike the planning bodies for IPY-1 and IPY-2, whose members were national delegates, CSAGI comprised representatives of five international scientific unions of ICSU, 28 ex officio members from ICSU and WMO, and its three executive officers, Chapman, Berkner and Nicolet. CSAGI also designated its member scientists as ‘world Box 4 List of Countries Participating in the International Geophysical Year (67 countries) Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Burma Canada Ceylon Chile China (Taipei) Colombia Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic East Africa Ecuador Egypt Ethiopia Finland France German Democratic Republic German Federal Republic Ghana Greece Guatemala Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea, Democratic Republic Malaya Mexico Mongolian Peoples Republic Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Rhodesia, Southern Rumania Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Union of South Africa U.S.S.R. United Kingdom United States of America Uruguay Venezuela Viet Nam, Democratic Republic Viet Nam, Republic Yugoslavia Source: www7. nationalacademies. org/archives/igy_ countries.html P l a n n I n g a n d I m P l e m e n t I n g I P Y 2 0 0 7–2 0 0 8 15
Page 1: Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
Page 4 and 5: Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
Page 6 and 7: iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
Page 8 and 9: vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
Page 10 and 11: viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
Page 12 and 13: x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
Page 14 and 15: xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
Page 16 and 17: xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
Page 18 and 19: xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
Page 20 and 21: xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
Page 22 and 23: xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
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Page 28 and 29: 2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
Page 30 and 31: 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
Page 34 and 35: 8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
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Page 38 and 39: Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
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Page 46 and 47: 20 IPY 20 07-20 08 decades (1950-19
Page 48 and 49: 22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
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Page 52 and 53: 26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
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Page 56 and 57: Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
Page 58 and 59: Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
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Page 64 and 65: 38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
Page 66 and 67: 40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
Page 68 and 69: 42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
Page 70 and 71: 44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
Page 72 and 73: 46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
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Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
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Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
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68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
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70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
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Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
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74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
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Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
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78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
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80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
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82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
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84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
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86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
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88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
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90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
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92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
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94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
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96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
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98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
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100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
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Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
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104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
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106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
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Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
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Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
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112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
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116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
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118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
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120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
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122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
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Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
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126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
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128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
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130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
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132 IPY 20 07-20 08 and data manage
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134 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T WO: IP
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136 IPY 20 07-20 08 of which have g
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Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
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140 IPY 20 07-20 08 instruments on
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Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
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Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
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146 IPY 20 07-20 08 fractional sea
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148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
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150 IPY 20 07-20 08 vations obtaine
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152 IPY 20 07-20 08 pre-dating the
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154 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sensing, 48(4):
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Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
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Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
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Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
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162 IPY 20 07-20 08 quality of the
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164 IPY 20 07-20 08 much of the ozo
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166 IPY 20 07-20 08 concentration m
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168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
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170 IPY 20 07-20 08 developed or pr
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172 IPY 20 07-20 08 decrease in the
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Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
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176 IPY 20 07-20 08 providing plent
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178 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sampling of the
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Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
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Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scien
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184 IPY 20 07-20 08 48(1): 5-21. Di
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186 IPY 20 07-20 08 doi:10.1029/200
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Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
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Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
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Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
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194 IPY 20 07-20 08 period. These p
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Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
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Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
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200 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.3-8. Ver
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Fig. 2.3-9. CAML ship sampling duri
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204 IPY 20 07-20 08 the theory that
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Fig. 2.3-12. Dead krill on the beac
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Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
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210 IPY 20 07-20 08 tions and Infor
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212 IPY 20 07-20 08 solved iron in
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214 IPY 20 07-20 08 Antarctic ice s
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216 IPY 20 07-20 08 so-called Dansg
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218 IPY 20 07-20 08 other Greenland
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Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
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222 IPY 20 07-20 08 In July-August
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Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
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Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
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228 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.4-10. Ta
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Fig. 2.4-12. Airborne lidar and gro
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232 IPY 20 07-20 08 tic and Antarct
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234 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.5-1. Sch
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236 IPY 20 07-20 08 our planet: the
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238 IPY 20 07-20 08 base Syowa via
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240 IPY 20 07-20 08 possible to add
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242 IPY 20 07-20 08 sary environmen
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Fig. 2.6-1. An artist’s cross-sec
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246 IPY 20 07-20 08 conditions. The
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Fig. 2.6-3. Russian scientific trav
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250 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.6-5a. Co
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252 IPY 20 07-20 08 Emerging Subgla
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254 IPY 20 07-20 08 Masolov V.N., S
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Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
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258 IPY 20 07-20 08 contributed to
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Table 2.7-1. Inventory of Northern
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Table 2.7-2. Inventory of Antarctic
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264 IPY 20 07-20 08 Arctic Circum-P
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266 IPY 20 07-20 08 Northern Circum
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268 IPY 20 07-20 08 Permafrost in t
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270 IPY 20 07-20 08 Engineers Offic
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272 IPY 20 07-20 08 Valcárcel-Día
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Fig. 2.8-1. Antarctica’s Gamburts
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276 IPY 20 07-20 08 sampling at rel
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278 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.8-5. PLA
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Fig. 2.8-6. POLENET autonomous, col
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Fig. 2.8-7. Continuouslyrecording G
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284 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seismic imaging
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286 IPY 20 07-20 08 expectations of
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288 IPY 20 07-20 08 Willis, 2009b.
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290 IPY 20 07-20 08 Meet. Suppl., A
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292 IPY 20 07-20 08 mantle beneath
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Table 2.9-1. Terrestrial Projects u
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296 IPY 20 07-20 08 future. For thi
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Fig. 2.9-2. A small moving drill wa
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300 IPY 20 07-20 08 2.9-4. Field si
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302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
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304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
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Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
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308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
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310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
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Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
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314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
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316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
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318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
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Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
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322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
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Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
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Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
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328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
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330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
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332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
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334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
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Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
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338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
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340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
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342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
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344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
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Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
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348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
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350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
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352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
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354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
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356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
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358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
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360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
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Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
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Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
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Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
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Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
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370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
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Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
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Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
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Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
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Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
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382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
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384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
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386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
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388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
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Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
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392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
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Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
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396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
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Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
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Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
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Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
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404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
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406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
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408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
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Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
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Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
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414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
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416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
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Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
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420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
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422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
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424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
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Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
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Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
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Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
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Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
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434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
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436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
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438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
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Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
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Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
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444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
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Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
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Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
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Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
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Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
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454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
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456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
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458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
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460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
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Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
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464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
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466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
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468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
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470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
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472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
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Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
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476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
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478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
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480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
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482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
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Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
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486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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488 IPY 20 07-20 08 Officers from m
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Fig. 4.1-2. Students in Portugal to
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492 IPY 20 07-20 08 Two internation
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494 IPY 20 07-20 08 the submissions
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Fig. 4.1-4. (left) Teachers partici
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498 IPY 20 07-20 08 conference, ‘
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500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
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Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
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504 IPY 20 07-20 08 Google Groups t
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506 IPY 20 07-20 08 tative/liaison
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508 IPY 20 07-20 08 material had to
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510 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Arct
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512 IPY 20 07-20 08 Highlights from
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514 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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Fig. 4.3-1. Participants of the mee
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Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
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520 IPY 20 07-20 08 management. The
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Fig. 4.3-4. During IPY early career
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524 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T FI V E :
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526 IPY 20 07-20 08 ‘legacies’)
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528 IPY 20 07-20 08 sciences_for_ip
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530 IPY 20 07-20 08 of multidiscipl
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Fig. 5.1-2 In situ platforms, inclu
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534 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion documented
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536 IPY 20 07-20 08 warming over th
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538 IPY 20 07-20 08 the Russian Ant
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540 IPY 20 07-20 08 Background with
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542 IPY 20 07-20 08 achievements al
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544 IPY 20 07-20 08 with a Sunyaev-
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546 IPY 20 07-20 08 doing will cont
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548 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 (
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Fig.5.2-4. Proposed structure of th
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552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
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554 IPY 20 07-20 08 References ACIA
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556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
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Fig.5.3-1. Routine CTD profiling du
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560 IPY 20 07-20 08 Svalbard, Norwa
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Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
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Fig.5.3-9. Participants of the IPY
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Fig.5.3-11. Japanese- Swedish Antar
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Fig.5.3-13. Memorial photo after th
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570 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.3-15. New
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Fig.5.3-17. Malaysian biologist Che
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Fig.5.3-19. Malaysian Arctic sampli
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576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
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578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
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Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
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582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
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584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
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586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
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Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
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Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
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592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
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594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
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596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
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598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
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600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
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602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
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604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
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Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
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608 IPY 20 07-20 08 speakers and pa
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610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
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612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
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614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
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Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
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618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
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Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
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622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
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624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
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626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
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628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
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Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
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632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
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634 IPY 20 07-20 08
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636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
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638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
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640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
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642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
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644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
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Page 674 and 675:
Page 676 and 677:
650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
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652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
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654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
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656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
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658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
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660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
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662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
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Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
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Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
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668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
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670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
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672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
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674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
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676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
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678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
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680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
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682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
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684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
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686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
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688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
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690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
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692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
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694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
Page 724:
698 The International Polar Year (I
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International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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