International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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10 IPY 20 07–20 08 Fig. 1.1-4 Global map of the January 1883 isotherms based upon processed data of IPY-1 meteorological observations. (from Ehrhart 1902, courtesy Cornelia Lüdecke) regional datasets. The IPY-1 input has been, perhaps, more lasting in its otherwise marginal fields, such as anthropology (Baker, 1982b; Barr, 1985/2008; Burch, 2009; Krupnik et al., 2005; Murdoch, 1892/1988; Turner, 1894), natural history (Dunbar, 1983; Loring and Spiess, 2007) or the study of carbon dioxide concentration (Baker, 1982a; 2009). Several IPY expeditions also brought substantial botanical, zoological and ethnological collections to their respective national museums. In any case, IPY-1 left behind a crucial institutional memory across various disciplines and enough momentum to launch a string of subsequent polar expeditions in 1895–1918, several international conferences on polar explorations, the second Polar Commission of 1913, and eventually, the second IPY in 1932–1933 (Elzinga, 2010a; Lüdecke, 2010; Lüdecke and Lajus, 2010; Roberts, 1949; Summerhayes, 2008). Second IPY: 1932–1933 Unlike its predecessor, IPY 1932–1933 (IPY-2) did not have an early charismatic champion. Even the date of its conception has been disputed. It was assumed for years that the proposal for the ‘second polar year’ originated with German meteorologist Johannes Georgi who introduced it at a meeting at the Deutsche Seewarte (German Maritime Observatory) in Hamburg in November 1927 (Laursen, 1951; 1959; 1982). Recently, the original date was pushed backward by a full year and the idea was attributed to Leonid Breitfuss (Breitfuß), an émigré German-Russian scientist. Breitfuss, reportedly, spoke about the new ‘polar year’ at the first conference of the International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic by Means of Aircraft (AEROARCTIC), at which Georgi was also present (Lüdecke, 1995, 2003; Lajus, 2008; Lüdecke and Lajus, 2010). The original idea was then promoted by better-positioned Vice Admiral Hugo Dominik, director of the Deutsche Seewarte, who in December 1927 presented the proposal for a new polar program to the International Meteorological Committee (IMC), the executive body of IMO. 13 Dominik and Dan la Cour, director of the Danish Meteorological Institute in Copenhagen lobbied for the new polar year via the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), the parent body of IPY-1 (Elzinga, 2009; Laursen, 1982; Lüdecke, 2008; Lüdecke and Lajus, 2010). A small meeting of IMO high-level officials in June 1928 appointed a subcommittee of five members 14 to prepare a formal proposal for the IMO Conference of Directors in Copenhagen in September 1929 (Laursen, 1959). The subcommittee met twice in 1929 and introduced its outline for IPY-2 at the Copenhagen conference attended by representatives from 34 countries. The conference endorsed a new program for collaborative observations to be made across both polar regions in 1932–1933, thus marking the 50th anniversary of IPY-1. It also appointed the Commission for the Polar Year 1932–33 (CPY), originally composed of seven members, under the chairmanship
of la Cour; it was later expanded to 15 members. 15 IPY-2 was formally announced in December 1929 and national committees were set up by several countries to organize national IPY efforts (Patton, 1933). Germany and, particularly, Russia (then Soviet Union) developed the most ambitious IPY programs. 16 Also, an important step was the IMO’s invitation to the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and other outside bodies to join forces in the IPY-2 planning. The IUGG General Assembly endorsed the plan for IPY-2 and set up a small committee in August 1930 to manage that cooperation. 17 This brought financial resources of IUGG to the IPY-2 process. It also opened a new page in IPY history, as the same model of partnership among several organizations representing international scientific unions and governmental meteorological agencies would be later invoked in the preparation for IGY and IPY 2007–2008. Eventually, the International Scientific Radio Union (URSI), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and three commissions of the IMO (Commission for the Study of Clouds, Commission for Solar Radiation and the Commission for the Investigation of the Upper Air) joined the planning effort and promoted IPY-2 observations in their respective fields (Laursen, 1951, 1959). By comparison with IPY-1, IPY-2 had a broader science program beyond meteorology, atmospheric electricity and aurora and geomagnetic observations, particularly in planetary geophysics. New fields included aerology, cosmic rays, radiation and radioelectricity, Earth currents, and ozone studies. More research was done from ships, particularly in the Russian Arctic, also on polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers in the temperate regions. At the same time, IPY-2 steered away from the IPY-1 ‘natural history’ template that included botany, zoology, anthropology and museum collecting (Baker, 1982a). IPY-2 had little of that (Laursen, 1951) and whatever research beyond geophysics was conducted as individual team or even scientist’s initiatives. The CPY held three meetings: CPY-1 in August Fig. 1.1-5 Materials collected during IPY-1 were published in large-size ‘Expedition report’ volumes, like those for the U.S. IPY expeditions to Point Barrow, Alaska and Lady Franklin Bay, Elsmere Island, Canada. (Photo: Igor Krupnik) P l a n n I n g a n d I m P l e m e n t I n g I P Y 2 0 0 7–2 0 0 8 11
Page 1: Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
Page 4 and 5: Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
Page 6 and 7: iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
Page 8 and 9: vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
Page 10 and 11: viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
Page 12 and 13: x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
Page 14 and 15: xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
Page 16 and 17: xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
Page 18 and 19: xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
Page 20 and 21: xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
Page 22 and 23: xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
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Page 28 and 29: 2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
Page 30 and 31: 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
Page 34 and 35: 8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
Page 38 and 39: Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
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Page 42 and 43: Fig. 1.1-8 U.S. Navy and constructi
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Page 46 and 47: 20 IPY 20 07-20 08 decades (1950-19
Page 48 and 49: 22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
Page 50 and 51: 24 IPY 20 07-20 08 World Data Cente
Page 52 and 53: 26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
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Page 56 and 57: Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
Page 58 and 59: Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
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Page 62 and 63: Fig. 1.2-7. Fragment from the minut
Page 64 and 65: 38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
Page 66 and 67: 40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
Page 68 and 69: 42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
Page 70 and 71: 44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
Page 72 and 73: 46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
Page 74 and 75: 48 IPY 20 07-20 08 Notes 1 Andreev
Page 76 and 77: 50 IPY 20 07-20 08 nations needed t
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Page 82 and 83: 56 IPY 20 07-20 08 PG-3, First Disc
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 1.3-7 (right). Cover page of t
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60 IPY 20 07-20 08 established by 1
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62 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 The develo
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Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
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Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
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68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
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70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
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Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
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74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
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Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
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78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
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80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
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82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
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84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
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86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
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88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
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90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
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92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
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94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
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96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
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98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
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100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
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Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
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104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
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106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
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Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
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Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
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112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
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116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
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118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
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120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
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122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
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Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
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126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
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128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
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130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
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132 IPY 20 07-20 08 and data manage
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134 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T WO: IP
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136 IPY 20 07-20 08 of which have g
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Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
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140 IPY 20 07-20 08 instruments on
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Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
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Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
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146 IPY 20 07-20 08 fractional sea
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148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
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150 IPY 20 07-20 08 vations obtaine
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152 IPY 20 07-20 08 pre-dating the
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154 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sensing, 48(4):
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Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
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Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
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Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
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162 IPY 20 07-20 08 quality of the
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164 IPY 20 07-20 08 much of the ozo
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166 IPY 20 07-20 08 concentration m
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168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
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170 IPY 20 07-20 08 developed or pr
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172 IPY 20 07-20 08 decrease in the
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Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
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176 IPY 20 07-20 08 providing plent
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178 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sampling of the
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Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
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Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scien
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184 IPY 20 07-20 08 48(1): 5-21. Di
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186 IPY 20 07-20 08 doi:10.1029/200
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Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
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Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
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Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
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194 IPY 20 07-20 08 period. These p
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Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
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Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
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200 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.3-8. Ver
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Fig. 2.3-9. CAML ship sampling duri
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204 IPY 20 07-20 08 the theory that
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Fig. 2.3-12. Dead krill on the beac
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Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
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210 IPY 20 07-20 08 tions and Infor
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212 IPY 20 07-20 08 solved iron in
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214 IPY 20 07-20 08 Antarctic ice s
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216 IPY 20 07-20 08 so-called Dansg
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218 IPY 20 07-20 08 other Greenland
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Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
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222 IPY 20 07-20 08 In July-August
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Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
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Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
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228 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.4-10. Ta
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Fig. 2.4-12. Airborne lidar and gro
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232 IPY 20 07-20 08 tic and Antarct
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234 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.5-1. Sch
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236 IPY 20 07-20 08 our planet: the
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238 IPY 20 07-20 08 base Syowa via
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240 IPY 20 07-20 08 possible to add
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242 IPY 20 07-20 08 sary environmen
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Fig. 2.6-1. An artist’s cross-sec
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246 IPY 20 07-20 08 conditions. The
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Fig. 2.6-3. Russian scientific trav
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250 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.6-5a. Co
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252 IPY 20 07-20 08 Emerging Subgla
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254 IPY 20 07-20 08 Masolov V.N., S
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Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
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258 IPY 20 07-20 08 contributed to
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Table 2.7-1. Inventory of Northern
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Table 2.7-2. Inventory of Antarctic
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264 IPY 20 07-20 08 Arctic Circum-P
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266 IPY 20 07-20 08 Northern Circum
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268 IPY 20 07-20 08 Permafrost in t
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270 IPY 20 07-20 08 Engineers Offic
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272 IPY 20 07-20 08 Valcárcel-Día
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Fig. 2.8-1. Antarctica’s Gamburts
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276 IPY 20 07-20 08 sampling at rel
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278 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.8-5. PLA
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Fig. 2.8-6. POLENET autonomous, col
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Fig. 2.8-7. Continuouslyrecording G
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284 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seismic imaging
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286 IPY 20 07-20 08 expectations of
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288 IPY 20 07-20 08 Willis, 2009b.
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290 IPY 20 07-20 08 Meet. Suppl., A
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292 IPY 20 07-20 08 mantle beneath
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Table 2.9-1. Terrestrial Projects u
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296 IPY 20 07-20 08 future. For thi
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Fig. 2.9-2. A small moving drill wa
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300 IPY 20 07-20 08 2.9-4. Field si
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302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
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304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
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Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
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308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
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310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
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Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
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314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
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316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
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318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
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Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
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322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
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Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
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Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
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328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
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330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
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332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
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334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
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Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
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338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
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340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
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342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
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344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
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Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
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348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
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350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
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352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
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354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
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356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
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358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
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360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
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Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
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Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
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Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
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Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
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370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
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Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
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Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
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Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
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Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
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382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
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384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
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386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
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388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
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Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
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392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
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Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
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396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
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Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
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Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
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Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
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404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
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406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
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408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
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Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
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Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
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414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
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416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
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Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
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420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
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422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
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424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
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Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
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Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
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Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
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Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
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434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
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436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
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438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
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Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
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Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
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444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
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Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
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Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
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Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
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Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
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454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
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456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
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458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
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460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
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Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
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464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
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466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
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468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
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470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
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472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
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Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
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476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
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478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
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480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
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482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
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Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
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486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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488 IPY 20 07-20 08 Officers from m
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Fig. 4.1-2. Students in Portugal to
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492 IPY 20 07-20 08 Two internation
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494 IPY 20 07-20 08 the submissions
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Fig. 4.1-4. (left) Teachers partici
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498 IPY 20 07-20 08 conference, ‘
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500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
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Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
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504 IPY 20 07-20 08 Google Groups t
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506 IPY 20 07-20 08 tative/liaison
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508 IPY 20 07-20 08 material had to
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510 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Arct
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512 IPY 20 07-20 08 Highlights from
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514 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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Fig. 4.3-1. Participants of the mee
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Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
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520 IPY 20 07-20 08 management. The
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Fig. 4.3-4. During IPY early career
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524 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T FI V E :
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526 IPY 20 07-20 08 ‘legacies’)
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528 IPY 20 07-20 08 sciences_for_ip
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530 IPY 20 07-20 08 of multidiscipl
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Fig. 5.1-2 In situ platforms, inclu
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534 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion documented
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536 IPY 20 07-20 08 warming over th
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538 IPY 20 07-20 08 the Russian Ant
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540 IPY 20 07-20 08 Background with
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542 IPY 20 07-20 08 achievements al
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544 IPY 20 07-20 08 with a Sunyaev-
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546 IPY 20 07-20 08 doing will cont
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548 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 (
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Fig.5.2-4. Proposed structure of th
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552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
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554 IPY 20 07-20 08 References ACIA
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556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
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Fig.5.3-1. Routine CTD profiling du
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560 IPY 20 07-20 08 Svalbard, Norwa
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Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
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Fig.5.3-9. Participants of the IPY
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Fig.5.3-11. Japanese- Swedish Antar
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Fig.5.3-13. Memorial photo after th
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570 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.3-15. New
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Fig.5.3-17. Malaysian biologist Che
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Fig.5.3-19. Malaysian Arctic sampli
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576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
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578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
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Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
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582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
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584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
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586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
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Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
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Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
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592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
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594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
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596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
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598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
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600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
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602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
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604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
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Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
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608 IPY 20 07-20 08 speakers and pa
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610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
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612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
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614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
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Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
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618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
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Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
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622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
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624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
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626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
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628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
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Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
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632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
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634 IPY 20 07-20 08
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636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
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638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
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640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
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642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
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644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
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650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
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652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
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654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
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656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
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658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
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660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
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662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
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Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
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Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
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668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
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670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
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672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
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674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
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676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
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678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
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680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
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682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
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684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
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686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
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688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
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690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
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692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
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694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
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698 The International Polar Year (I
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International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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