International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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IPY 20 07–20 08
23 Berkner’s life and career and his proposal to launch the ‘third’ Polar Year are covered in Needell, 2000.
24 Other people present at that dinner party were J. W. Joyce, future director of the National Science Foundation office for IGY, E.
Vestine, the head of the Section on Theoretical Geophysics at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, and S.F. Singer, then young
space physicist (Chapman, 1959; Korsmo, 1998, 2007).
25 Jean Coulomb (1904–1999), Takeshi Nagata (1913–1991), James Paton (1903–1973), Nikolay Pushkov (1903–1981) and James Stagg
(1900–1975), to name but a few.
26 URSI and IAU in September 1950, and the IUGG, chaired by Chapman, in August 1951.
27 Eventually, CSAGI’s membership grew up to 24 people. In 1955–1958, Berkner also served as the President of ICSU, which offered
him the opportunity to contribute ICSU resources in support of IGY.
28 International Union for Astronomy, International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics, International Union for Scientific Radio,
International Geographical Union and International Union of Pure and Applied Physics.
29 The inclusion of nuclear radiation to the IGY program was propelled by a number of concerned scientists who used the opportunity
of IGY to monitor radioactive fallout from atomic bomb tests. In this sense the Cold War and the opposition to its real and
prospective dangers were translated into an important scientific program (Aant Elzinga, personal communication).
30 Another estimate lists 20,000 to 30,000 scientists, engineers and technicians and almost ‘as many volunteer observers’ (Cochrane,
1978).
31 The first meeting of the CIG took place in November 1959; shortly after, the CSAGI Secretariat was closed (December 1959) and
replaced with the CIG Secretariat in Paris.
32 First 11 volumes were published or prepared under the auspices of CSAGI, before its termination in 1959; after that the CIG/IGC
took responsibility for the publication of the Annals.
33 In addition, several national, disciplinary, or transitional bibliographies of the IGY contributions were published between 1957 and
1963 (Beynon, 1970), including special bibliographic sections, IGY Bibliographic Notes, in many issues of the IGY Bulletin.
34 These were published as sections of the Transactions of the American Geophysical Union and in separate issues. The first issue
appeared in July 1957, following the official opening of IGY and the last, no. 62, in August 1962.
35 www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/igyseries8.html (U.S. IPY Committee); www.aip.org/history/ead/19990060_content.html
(S. Chapman’s collection).
36 In addition to funds allocated to ICSU for the implementation of IGY, UNESCO made available $110,000 directly to CSAGI. It also
produced an IGY exhibit that toured many countries, published a booklet on IGY, a special IGY issue of the UNESCO Courier in 1957,
and made available fellowships to young scientists from developing countries to participate in IGY observations.
37 ICSU alone granted over $700,000, and UNESCO subsidies covered almost half of the CSAGI budget ($275,000). U.S. Congress
appropriated more than $43 million for the U.S. IGY operations, which in today’s terms may be as high as $350 million (http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Budget).