International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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18 IPY 20 07–20 08 Cooperation.’ The decision to extend IGY for another year under a different name was taken by ICSU, which also established a successor body to CSAGI, the Special Committee for Inter-Union Cooperation in Geophysics (SCG), with essentially the same membership. The last meeting of CSAGI (CSAGI-6) and the first meeting of SCG were held concurrently in May 1959. At that joint meeting it was proposed to establish a representative successor group, Comité Internationale de Géophysique (CIG), to supervise the processing and publication of IGY-IGC data. Most of the CSAGI members were then transferred to CIG. 31 The CIG of 27 members (under Fig. 1.1-10 One of six largesize IGY posters (Earth, Ocean, Space, Poles, Sun and Earth, Weather and Climate) produced by the U.S. IGY Committee for the IGY outreach program and published in its 44-page educational booklet, Planet Earth. (The Mystery with 100,000 Clues (1958) www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/IGYPlanetEarthPosters.html) the leadership of W.J.G. Beynon) and its Secretariat operated for eight more years, until December 1967. Its tasks, primarily the publication of the IGY-IGC results, were then entrusted to a small CIG Terminating Group that worked until 1970, twelve years after the official completion of IGY in 1958. CSAGI-5 Assembly in Moscow in 1958 attended by more than 400 delegates, 800 guests and 200 journalists from 67 nations (Bulkeley, 2008) was the largest gathering conveyed to represent the IGY science. Later meetings were much smaller in size, like the Antarctic scientific symposium in Buenos Aires in
1959 (Genest 2009) or the 1963 symposium ‘Results of the IGY-IGC’ in Los Angeles (Beynon, 1970). No major IGY summary conference was organized. Wary of the failure of the IPY-2 team to publish the results of their venture, IGY planners designed an impressive publication program. The plans for a special IGY series, a full IGY bibliography and a final ‘Coordinated Report’ by CSAGI were first discussed at CSAGI-1 in 1953 and had been systematically reviewed at later meetings (Nicolet, 1958). The IGY publication series, the Annals of the International Geophysical Year, was started in 1957 under supervision by the IGY Editorial Committee of 19 members, with D.C. Martin as Chairman. 32 Altogether, 48 volumes of the Annals were printed between 1957 and 1970, many in several parts or issues that brought the total number of volumes to more than 70. The Annals also published extensive minutes of the CSAGI meetings and regional conferences (Nicolet, 1958, 1959), as well as reports from the national committees. The plans for a final summary report on IGY envisioned in 1953 never materialized, though several individual and national overviews and popular accounts of IGY were produced (Berkner, 1959; Chapman, 1959; Fraser, 1957; Odinshaw, 1958,1959; Silkin et al., 1962; Sullivan, 1961; Wilson, 1961). The full Bibliography of IGY publications eventually grew to more than 6,000 entries; it was published as the concluding volume of the Annals series with a ‘cut-off’ date of 1963 (Beynon 1970). 33 Daily information on the IGY activities was disseminated via the IUGG Newsletter, WMO Bulletin, the internal IGY News Letter (published from 1956 to 1959 for the CSAGI members and national committees, and via monthly IGY Bulletin produced by the U.S. National Committee for IGY. 34 Updates on IGY were regularly printed in major scientific journals and the first popular overview of IGY for lay audience was released already in 1957, the year the IGY was started (Fraser, 1957). Unlike in IPY-1 and IPY-2, the IGY organizers developed a special outreach and educational program that included popular articles, booklets, posters (Fig. 1.1- 10), films, classroom and other instructional materials (Korsmo, 2004, 2009). Also, a special IGY logo, with an explicit link to the most advanced technology of the era, the Earth-orbiting satellite (Fig. 1.1-11) was designed and adopted in 1955 for the use in all IGY publications, instruments and public materials (Odinshaw, 1956). Perhaps the most lasting innovation of IGY was the system of the World Data Centers. Over the course of the IGY planning, it became obvious that no single depository for all IGY materials would be feasible. At CSAGI-4 in 1956, it was decided to establish three ‘World Data Centers’ to host the originals or copies of the IGY records, observations and tabulations. The Centers were geographically and politically dispersed: one in the U.S.A., one in the Soviet Union and one subdivided between Europe and the Western Pacific. By 1964, 64 Centers were active at 33 locations; many were still in operation when IPY 2007–2008 began (Korsmo, 2010). Extended documentary collections related to IGY have been preserved at several archives, the richest collections being held at the U.S. National Academies in Washington, D.C. (U.S. National IGY Committee) and University of Alaska Fairbanks (Sydney Chapman’s personal collection). 35 Others are scattered around the world in the archives of the participating nations, scientific and international organizations, and research institutions. Overall, IGY 1957–1958 was a remarkable success in globally coordinated research planning, implementation, data processing and publication. IGY clearly marked a new era: it encompassed more disciplines, nations and research sites than any of its predecessors. Its activities spanned two full Fig. 1.1-11 IGY 1957–1958 logo. (Courtesy: National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution). P l a n n I n g a n d I m P l e m e n t I n g I P Y 2 0 0 7–2 0 0 8 19
Page 1: Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
Page 4 and 5: Understanding Earth’s Polar Chall
Page 6 and 7: iv IPY 20 07-20 08 Table of Content
Page 8 and 9: vi IPY 20 07-20 08 Preface This sum
Page 10 and 11: viii IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgemen
Page 12 and 13: x IPY 20 07-20 08 JC Members, IPO s
Page 14 and 15: xii IPY 20 07-20 08 Culp, Joseph 3.
Page 16 and 17: xiv IPY 20 07-20 08 Larsen, Joan Ny
Page 18 and 19: xvi IPY 20 07-20 08 Virtue, Patti 5
Page 20 and 21: xviii IPY 20 07-20 08 I N T R O D U
Page 22 and 23: xx IPY 20 07-20 08 As the polar reg
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Page 28 and 29: 2 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T O N E : PL
Page 30 and 31: 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andree
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 1.1-1 Carl Weyprecht (1838-188
Page 34 and 35: 8 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 2 Programme o
Page 36 and 37: 10 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.1-4 Globa
Page 38 and 39: Fig. 1.1-6 First meeting of the Com
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Page 42 and 43: Fig. 1.1-8 U.S. Navy and constructi
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Page 48 and 49: 22 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Andre
Page 50 and 51: 24 IPY 20 07-20 08 World Data Cente
Page 52 and 53: 26 IPY 20 07-20 08 Placing the Firs
Page 54 and 55: 28 IPY 20 07-20 08 23 Berkner’s l
Page 56 and 57: Fig. 1.2-1. Report on the forthcomi
Page 58 and 59: Fig. 1.2-3.First online publication
Page 60 and 61: 34 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1 Neumayer D
Page 62 and 63: Fig. 1.2-7. Fragment from the minut
Page 64 and 65: 38 Box 2 Proposal to Establish an I
Page 66 and 67: 40 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Planning
Page 68 and 69: 42 Box 3 Extract from the Proceedin
Page 70 and 71: 44 Box 4 IPY 20 07-20 08 Resolution
Page 72 and 73: 46 IPY 20 07-20 08 1-12. Paris. IAG
Page 74 and 75: 48 IPY 20 07-20 08 Notes 1 Andreev
Page 76 and 77: 50 IPY 20 07-20 08 nations needed t
Page 78 and 79: 52 IPY 20 07-20 08 ICSU and WMO Pro
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Page 82 and 83: 56 IPY 20 07-20 08 PG-3, First Disc
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 1.3-7 (right). Cover page of t
Page 86 and 87: 60 IPY 20 07-20 08 established by 1
Page 88 and 89: 62 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 The develo
Page 90 and 91: Fig. 1.3-21 (left). Cover page of t
Page 92 and 93: Fig. 1.3-24. “A Vision for the In
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68 IPY 20 07-20 08 3 To the nine me
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70 IPY 20 07-20 08 multi-disciplina
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Fig. 1.4-2. SCAR Executive Committe
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74 IPY 20 07-20 08 to understand th
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Fig. 1.4-6. Front page of the AOSB
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78 IPY 20 07-20 08 International Po
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80 IPY 20 07-20 08 experts who atte
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82 IPY 20 07-20 08 and recognized I
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84 IPY 20 07-20 08 References IASC
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86 IPY 20 07-20 08 ATCM References
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88 IPY 20 07-20 08 best expertise f
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90 IPY 20 07-20 08 The EoI database
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92 IPY 20 07-20 08 support from Nor
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94 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 3 Formal est
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96 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-7. JC C
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98 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.5-9. Fahr
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100 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 7 Global la
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Fig.1.5-16. JC-8 Meeting in St. Pet
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104 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 8 “The St
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106 IPY 20 07-20 08 A somewhat cont
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Fig.1.5-20 Jerónimo López-Martín
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Fig.1.5-21 IPY 2007-2008 was offici
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112 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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114 IPY 20 07-20 08 Portugal, Russi
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116 IPY 20 07-20 08 limited success
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118 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 1.6-1. IPO
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120 Box 1 Meetings and conferences
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122 IPY 20 07-20 08 lished under IP
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Fig.1.6-3. IPO staff members Nicola
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126 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Kais
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128 IPY 20 07-20 08 not sufficient
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130 IPY 20 07-20 08 the IPY Observi
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132 IPY 20 07-20 08 and data manage
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134 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T WO: IP
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136 IPY 20 07-20 08 of which have g
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Fig. 2.1-1. The new building of Tik
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140 IPY 20 07-20 08 instruments on
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Fig. 2.1-4. Time-patterns of the da
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Fig. 2.1-6. Ozone loss rates (parts
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146 IPY 20 07-20 08 fractional sea
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148 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.1-9. Sea
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150 IPY 20 07-20 08 vations obtaine
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152 IPY 20 07-20 08 pre-dating the
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154 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sensing, 48(4):
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Table 2.2-1. Estimates of volume, h
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Fig. 2.2-3. Track of the NABOS Crui
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Fig. 2.2-4. Distribution of the oce
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162 IPY 20 07-20 08 quality of the
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164 IPY 20 07-20 08 much of the ozo
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166 IPY 20 07-20 08 concentration m
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168 IPY 20 07-20 08 Jackson et al.,
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170 IPY 20 07-20 08 developed or pr
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172 IPY 20 07-20 08 decrease in the
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Fig. 2.2-11. The acoustic data from
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176 IPY 20 07-20 08 providing plent
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178 IPY 20 07-20 08 Sampling of the
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Fig. 2.2-15 The position of the ice
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Fig. 2.2-17. Schematic of the scien
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184 IPY 20 07-20 08 48(1): 5-21. Di
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186 IPY 20 07-20 08 doi:10.1029/200
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Table 2.3-1. IPY projects in the So
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Fig. 2.3-1b. Hydrographic sections
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Fig. 2.3-2a. A total of 61,965 prof
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194 IPY 20 07-20 08 period. These p
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Fig.e 2.3-5. The Weddell gyre flow
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Fig. 2.3-7. Dissolved iron, salinit
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200 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.3-8. Ver
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Fig. 2.3-9. CAML ship sampling duri
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204 IPY 20 07-20 08 the theory that
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Fig. 2.3-12. Dead krill on the beac
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Fig. 2.3-14. Laser altimeter swath
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210 IPY 20 07-20 08 tions and Infor
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212 IPY 20 07-20 08 solved iron in
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214 IPY 20 07-20 08 Antarctic ice s
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216 IPY 20 07-20 08 so-called Dansg
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218 IPY 20 07-20 08 other Greenland
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Fig. 2.4-3. The newly completed NEE
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222 IPY 20 07-20 08 In July-August
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Fig. 2.4-7. Bed topography map for
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Fig. 2.4-9. The grid over which dat
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228 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.4-10. Ta
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Fig. 2.4-12. Airborne lidar and gro
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232 IPY 20 07-20 08 tic and Antarct
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234 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.5-1. Sch
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236 IPY 20 07-20 08 our planet: the
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238 IPY 20 07-20 08 base Syowa via
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240 IPY 20 07-20 08 possible to add
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242 IPY 20 07-20 08 sary environmen
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Fig. 2.6-1. An artist’s cross-sec
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246 IPY 20 07-20 08 conditions. The
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Fig. 2.6-3. Russian scientific trav
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250 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.6-5a. Co
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252 IPY 20 07-20 08 Emerging Subgla
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254 IPY 20 07-20 08 Masolov V.N., S
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Fig. 2.7-1. Permafrost extent in th
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258 IPY 20 07-20 08 contributed to
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Table 2.7-1. Inventory of Northern
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Table 2.7-2. Inventory of Antarctic
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264 IPY 20 07-20 08 Arctic Circum-P
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266 IPY 20 07-20 08 Northern Circum
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268 IPY 20 07-20 08 Permafrost in t
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270 IPY 20 07-20 08 Engineers Offic
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272 IPY 20 07-20 08 Valcárcel-Día
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Fig. 2.8-1. Antarctica’s Gamburts
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276 IPY 20 07-20 08 sampling at rel
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278 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.8-5. PLA
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Fig. 2.8-6. POLENET autonomous, col
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Fig. 2.8-7. Continuouslyrecording G
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284 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seismic imaging
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286 IPY 20 07-20 08 expectations of
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288 IPY 20 07-20 08 Willis, 2009b.
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290 IPY 20 07-20 08 Meet. Suppl., A
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292 IPY 20 07-20 08 mantle beneath
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Table 2.9-1. Terrestrial Projects u
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296 IPY 20 07-20 08 future. For thi
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Fig. 2.9-2. A small moving drill wa
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300 IPY 20 07-20 08 2.9-4. Field si
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302 IPY 20 07-20 08 line zones have
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304 IPY 20 07-20 08 that the Arctic
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Fig. 2.9-7. Olga Bohuslavova, Ph.D.
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308 IPY 20 07-20 08 Acknowledgement
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310 IPY 20 07-20 08 arctic polar se
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Table 2.10-1. List of active projec
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314 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.10-1. IP
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316 IPY 20 07-20 08 Box 1. The ‘f
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318 IPY 20 07-20 08 The field of th
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Table 2.10-2. Recommended ‘Small
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322 IPY 20 07-20 08 as a research a
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Fig. 2.10-7. Participants of the
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Fig. 2.10-9. 6th International Cong
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328 IPY 20 07-20 08 eral models. Th
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330 IPY 20 07-20 08 popularity duri
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332 IPY 20 07-20 08 in an Arctic Re
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334 IPY 20 07-20 08 Vairo, C., R. C
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Fig. 2.11-1. The circumpolar Arctic
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338 IPY 20 07-20 08 and the Danish
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340 IPY 20 07-20 08 Canadian traini
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342 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 2.11-3. Th
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344 IPY 20 07-20 08 logical studies
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Fig. 2.11-5. Salmon drying on the Y
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348 IPY 20 07-20 08 health status (
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350 IPY 20 07-20 08 communication,
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352 IPY 20 07-20 08 play an importa
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354 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alle
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356 IPY 20 07-20 08 D are associate
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358 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T T H R E
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360 IPY 20 07-20 08 during IPY (Cha
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Fig. 3.1-1. Antarctica mosaic image
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Fig. 3.1-3. Evolution of the Wilkin
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Fig. 3.1-5. Threedimensional mappin
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Fig. 3.1-8. Time series of monthly
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370 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Alli
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Fig. 3.2-1. Potential temperature/
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Fig. 3.2-3. A Distributed Biologica
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Fig. 3.2-4. Fresh water content (FW
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Fig. 3.2-6. Composite changes in th
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Fig. 3.2-7. Mooring components (lef
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382 IPY 20 07-20 08 observing syste
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384 IPY 20 07-20 08 with the recent
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386 IPY 20 07-20 08 ocean circulati
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388 IPY 20 07-20 08 for sustained o
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Fig. 3.3-5. Map showing the locatio
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392 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.4-1. Map
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Top left - Fig. 3.4-3: Screen shot
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396 IPY 20 07-20 08 including how t
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Fig. 3.5-1. Antarctic stations at t
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Fig. 3.5-3. Servicing the AWS at Bu
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Fig. 3.5-6. Sonde launch at Halley
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404 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.5-8. Bre
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406 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.6-1. Ave
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408 IPY 20 07-20 08 forecast ranges
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Fig.3.6-5. Sea Ice Outlook: 2009 Su
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Fig. 3.7-1. Examples of the cryosph
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414 IPY 20 07-20 08 Global Cryosphe
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416 IPY 20 07-20 08 and build on ex
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Fig. 3.8-1. SAON website - www. arc
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420 IPY 20 07-20 08 be necessary to
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422 IPY 20 07-20 08 on data sharing
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424 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.9-1. CBM
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Fig. 3.9-3. Screenshots of the CBMP
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Fig. 3.9-5. (left) Data Coverage by
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Table 3.9-2. Current status, trends
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Fig. 3.9-9. The components of a com
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434 IPY 20 07-20 08 CAFF CBMP Repor
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436 IPY 20 07-20 08 polar communiti
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438 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 3.10-3. Mo
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Fig. 3.10-5. Combining data on trad
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Fig. 3.10-6. NOMAD Expedition camp
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444 IPY 20 07-20 08 and visual form
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Fig. 3.10-10. Group of hunters camp
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Fig. 3.10-12. BSSN Research Assista
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Fig. 3.10-15. The Siku- Inuit-Hila
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Fig. 3.10-17. Meeting with officers
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454 IPY 20 07-20 08 monitoring prod
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456 IPY 20 07-20 08 Edited by I. Kr
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458 IPY 20 07-20 08 the World Ocean
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460 IPY 20 07-20 08 In the period l
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Table 3.11-1. National IPY Data Coo
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464 IPY 20 07-20 08 on basic data m
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466 IPY 20 07-20 08 handling commun
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468 IPY 20 07-20 08 funding agencie
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470 IPY 20 07-20 08 metadata. • M
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472 IPY 20 07-20 08 A major initial
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Table 3.11-2. Summary assessment of
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476 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion and Data.F
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478 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T F O U R
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480 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 4.0-2. A w
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482 IPY 20 07-20 08 Historical back
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Fig. 4.1-1. Participants at the Str
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486 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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488 IPY 20 07-20 08 Officers from m
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Fig. 4.1-2. Students in Portugal to
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492 IPY 20 07-20 08 Two internation
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494 IPY 20 07-20 08 the submissions
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Fig. 4.1-4. (left) Teachers partici
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498 IPY 20 07-20 08 conference, ‘
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500 Fig. 4.2-1. IPYPD Basic search
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Table 4.2-2. Distribution of public
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504 IPY 20 07-20 08 Google Groups t
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506 IPY 20 07-20 08 tative/liaison
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508 IPY 20 07-20 08 material had to
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510 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Arct
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512 IPY 20 07-20 08 Highlights from
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514 IPY 20 07-20 08 students throug
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Fig. 4.3-1. Participants of the mee
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Fig. 4.3-3. Early career scientists
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520 IPY 20 07-20 08 management. The
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Fig. 4.3-4. During IPY early career
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524 IPY 20 07-20 08 PA R T FI V E :
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526 IPY 20 07-20 08 ‘legacies’)
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528 IPY 20 07-20 08 sciences_for_ip
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530 IPY 20 07-20 08 of multidiscipl
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Fig. 5.1-2 In situ platforms, inclu
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534 IPY 20 07-20 08 tion documented
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536 IPY 20 07-20 08 warming over th
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538 IPY 20 07-20 08 the Russian Ant
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540 IPY 20 07-20 08 Background with
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542 IPY 20 07-20 08 achievements al
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544 IPY 20 07-20 08 with a Sunyaev-
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546 IPY 20 07-20 08 doing will cont
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548 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 (
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Fig.5.2-4. Proposed structure of th
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552 IPY 20 07-20 08 from April 2010
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554 IPY 20 07-20 08 References ACIA
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556 IPY 20 07-20 08 and China agree
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Fig.5.3-1. Routine CTD profiling du
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560 IPY 20 07-20 08 Svalbard, Norwa
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Fig.5.3-7. Comparison of geostrophi
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Fig.5.3-9. Participants of the IPY
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Fig.5.3-11. Japanese- Swedish Antar
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Fig.5.3-13. Memorial photo after th
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570 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.3-15. New
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Fig.5.3-17. Malaysian biologist Che
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Fig.5.3-19. Malaysian Arctic sampli
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576 IPY 20 07-20 08 their role via
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578 IPY 20 07-20 08 IPY 2007-2008 g
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Fig. 5.4-3. Community meeting organ
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582 IPY 20 07-20 08 Krupnik and Jol
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584 IPY 20 07-20 08 training may be
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586 IPY 20 07-20 08 of the universi
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Table 5.4-1: UArctic Members and St
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Fig. 5.4-11. Inaugural IAI meeting
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592 IPY 20 07-20 08 References Refe
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594 IPY 20 07-20 08 Council (AC) in
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596 IPY 20 07-20 08 established in
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598 IPY 20 07-20 08 cal cycle, perm
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600 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig.5.5-3. In t
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602 IPY 20 07-20 08 New Role of the
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604 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fig. 5.5-6. Ice
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Fig.5.5-8. Paul Berkman, Chair of t
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608 IPY 20 07-20 08 speakers and pa
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610 IPY 20 07-20 08 Approach for Br
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612 IPY 20 07-20 08 promoted since
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614 IPY 20 07-20 08 states in polar
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Fig.5.6-2. The IPY Oslo Science Con
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618 Box 1 Oslo Science Conference P
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Fig. 5.6-6 The inclusion of early c
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622 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 implementa
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624 IPY 20 07-20 08 capacity buildi
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626 IPY 20 07-20 08 emissions of me
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628 IPY 20 07-20 08 Epilogue Lead A
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Table E-1: What Does It Take to Com
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632 IPY 20 07-20 08 both ICSU and W
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634 IPY 20 07-20 08
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636 IPY 20 07-20 08 Robin Bell is a
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638 IPY 20 07-20 08 Tillmann Mohr i
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640 IPY 20 07-20 08 Volker Rachold
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642 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 2 IPY
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644 IPY 20 07-20 08 Activity ID Tit
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650 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 3 Joi
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652 IPY 20 07-20 08 Third Meeting o
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654 IPY 20 07-20 08 Fifth Meeting o
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656 IPY 20 07-20 08 Seventh Meeting
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658 IPY 20 07-20 08 Ninth Meeting o
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660 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 5 Sub
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662 A PPENDIX 6 IPY Project Charts,
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Appendix 6 Fig.3. Version 3.4, Apri
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Appendix 6 Fig.5. Version 6.4, May
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668 A PPENDIX 7 List of the Nationa
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670 IPY 20 07-20 08 Poland IPY Nati
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672 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 9 IPY
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674 IPY 20 07-20 08 2002 February.
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676 IPY 20 07-20 08 January 22. Int
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678 IPY 20 07-20 08 November 24. Ar
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680 IPY 20 07-20 08 March 2. IPY Da
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682 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 16. Sc
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684 IPY 20 07-20 08 2008 January 20
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686 IPY 20 07-20 08 February 26. Th
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688 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 10 Se
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690 IPY 20 07-20 08 A PPENDIX 11 Li
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692 IPY 20 07-20 08 FWC Freshwater
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694 IPY 20 07-20 08 OCH Oscillating
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698 The International Polar Year (I
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International Polar Year 2007–2008 - WMO

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