FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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FOREWORD AND AckNOWlEDgmENts Overview............................................................................................... i Background....................................................................................... iii Scope.and.Organization.of.the.Manual............................................v Acknowledgments.............................................................................vii chAptER 1– DEsIgN cONsIDERAtIONs 1.1. Overview..................................................................................1-1 1.2. Potential.Threats....................................................................1-4 1.2.1.. Explosive.Threats.......................................................1-5 1.2.2. CBR.Attacks............................................................. 1-11 table of contents 1.2.2.1. Chemical.Agents........................................ 1-11 1.2.2.2. Biological.Warfare.Agents......................... 1-12 1.2.2.3. Radiological.Attacks................................... 1-13 1.3. Levels.of.Protection............................................................. 1-15 1.3.1. Blast.Levels.of.Protection....................................... 1-15 1.3.2. CBR.Levels.of.Protection....................................... 1-17 1.4. Shelter.Types........................................................................ 1-19 1.4.1. Standalone.Shelters................................................ 1-19 1.4.2. Internal.Shelters..................................................... 1-19 1.4.3. Shelter.Categories................................................... 1-20 1.5. Siting..................................................................................... 1-23 1.6. Occupancy.Duration,.Toxic-free.Area.(TFA).. Floor.Space,.and.Ventilation.Requirements...................... 1-31 1.7. Human.Factors.Criteria...................................................... 1-33 1.7.1. Square.Footage/Occupancy.Requirements......... 1-33 table of contents ix
1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shelter.. Square.Footage.Recommendations.......... 1-34 1.7.1.2..Hurricane.or.Long-term.Shelter. .Square.Footage.Recommendations......... 1-35 1.7.2. Distance/Travel.Time.and.Accessibility................ 1-35 1.7.3. Americans.with.Disabilities.Act.(ADA)................. 1-37 1.7.4.. Special.Needs.......................................................... 1-38 1.8.. Other.Design.Considerations............................................. 1-39 1.8.1.. Lighting................................................................... 1-39 1.8.2.. Emergency.Power................................................... 1-39 1.8.3. Route.Marking.and.Wayfinding............................. 1-40 1.8.4. Signage.................................................................... 1-42 1.8.4.1..Community.and.Parking.Signage............. 1-42 1.8.4.2..Signage.at.Schools.and.Places.. of.Work....................................................... 1-42 1.9.. Evacuation.Considerations................................................. 1-44 1.10. Key.Operations.Zones......................................................... 1-51 1.10.1.. Containment.Zones................................................ 1-51 1.10.2. Staging.Areas.and.Designated.Entry.and.. Exit.Access.Control.Points..................................... 1-55 chAptER 2 – stRUctURAl DEsIgN cRItERIA 2.1. Overview..................................................................................2-1 2.2. Explosive.Threat.Parameters.................................................2-1 2.2.1. Blast.Effects.in.Low-rise.Buildings............................2-5 2.2.2. Blast.Effects.in.High-rise.Buildings:.. The.Urban.Situation..................................................2-8 2.3. Hardened.Construction.........................................................2-9 x table of contents
Page 1 and 2: Risk Management Series Design Guida
Page 3 and 4: Any opinions, findings, conclusions
Page 5 and 6: This guidance focuses on safe rooms
Page 7 and 8: protect occupants until law enforce
Page 9 and 10: of best practices (based on current
Page 11: Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
Page 15 and 16: 2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
Page 17 and 18: 4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
Page 19 and 20: FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
Page 21 and 22: Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
Page 23 and 24: chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
Page 25 and 26: in response to the manmade CBRE thr
Page 27 and 28: decides not to chance fate and cons
Page 29 and 30: Although operational security measu
Page 31 and 32: Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
Page 35 and 36: odorless. Their effects occur mainl
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
Page 39 and 40: Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
Page 41 and 42: Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
Page 43 and 44: m It is partially shielded by the s
Page 45 and 46: m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
Page 47 and 48: structure or a new structure to be
Page 49 and 50: m Territoriality (promotes a sense
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1- examples of internal shel
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
Page 55 and 56: loading depending upon the building
Page 57 and 58: model building codes all have provi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
Page 61 and 62: operations and maintenance plan. De
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For tornado shelters, the most crit
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Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
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every building should have an emerg
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Three methods are followed for the
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partitions for areas of about 12,00
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the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
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Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
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Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
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Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
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Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
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2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
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affect the hazard potential of the
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2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
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As an example, panelized constructi
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2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
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Protective design further requires
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deformed, and transfer them to the
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pressures, such that they overcome
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façade materials intact and attach
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2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
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Blast-resistant detailing requires
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the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
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spacing of 16 inches that extends i
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In order for the glazing to realize
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precast panels, the spacing of the
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to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
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without any means of attachment or
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polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
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Rigid catch bar systems were design
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stainless steel cables connected wi
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Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
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Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
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2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
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Shearwalls consist of straight or d
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Light wood frame structures do not
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eam column joints, all member stres
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Steel moment frame structures provi
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Steel frames with infill masonry wa
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esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
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to provide ductile performance. The
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Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
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Precast concrete frames and shearwa
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uilding. Locating the shelter in th
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Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
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damage in response to 500 pounds of
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Floor slabs within an interior stai
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3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
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m Class 2. This class also includes
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may be necessary for people to occu
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3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
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interior room is preferable to a ro
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m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
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Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
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enclosure subjected to wind and buo
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Many models of these indoor air pur
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designing and building ultra-high e
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Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
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3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
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m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
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Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
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m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
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3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
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have been appropriately placed to p
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m To develop an understanding of th
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CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
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Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
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Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
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address system or the single-switch
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the Homeland security digital Libra
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the national Fire Protection associ
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From established reporting mechanis
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An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
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m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
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dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
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The 48 seconds do not include the t
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Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m In the initial phase (hours and d
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designated. The following is a list
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m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
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4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
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Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
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Toilets would be needed by the occu
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4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
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FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
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4.9 training and inFormation Employ
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
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Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
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Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
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Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
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Addresses workplace vulnerability t
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State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
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Management (2003) http://floridadis
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UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
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C CA California C&C components and
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F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
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J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
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O O.C. on center OG outer garments
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U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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