FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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enclosure subjected to wind and buoyancy pressures. Windowtype air conditioners and unit ventilators cannot be used in the protective mode, because they introduce outdoor air, even when set to the recirculating mode. The dampers for outside air in such units seal poorly even when well maintained. The following are options for air conditioning and heating systems that can be safely operated in the protective mode: m Ductless mini split-type air-conditioner. This type of room air conditioner, an alternative to the standard unitary window air conditioner, circulates air across the indoor coils without ducts and does not introduce outdoor air in either the normal or protective mode. The only required penetration through the safe room boundary wall is for a conduit for refrigerant tubing, suction tubing, condensate drain, and power cable. m Electric heater or steam radiator. Similar to the ductless splittype air conditioner, the electric or steam heater does not introduce outdoor air and does not require ducts. m Fully enclosed air-handling unit. An air-handling unit can be operated in a safe room in the protective mode only if the unit and its ducts are fully within the safe room (i.e., the unit is in an interior mechanical closet and the return ducts are not above the ceiling, beneath the floor, or outside the walls). If the air-handling unit draws outdoor air through a duct, it must also have a damper system for reliably cutting off outside air in the protective mode. This may require a set of three dampers: two dampers in the outside air duct with a relief damper between them that opens (to protected space) when the other two close. The air-handling unit must serve the safe room exclusively. m Makeup air unit. This is a once-through type unit for introducing fresh air; it is not applicable to an unventilated safe room. The makeup-air unit does not recirculate air through ducts; it supplies filtered air through duct coils for cooling and heating. CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion 3-
3.4.1.5 Safety Equipment. Unventilated safe rooms, whether Class 2 or Class 3, must have a carbon dioxide detector or monitor in the safe room. 3.4.2 Class 2 Safe Room The design details of the enclosure presented above apply also to the Class 2 Safe Room, ventilated and unventilated. The ventilated Class 2 Safe Room is one that supplies filtered air from outside the safe room, but has inadequate air flow to pressurize the room. For the unventilated Class 2 Safe Room, the improvement in protection over the Class 3 Safe Room is determined by the flow rate and the efficiency of the particulate filter for aerosols and the efficiency of the adsorber for gases and vapors. These filter units, commonly referred to as indoor air purifiers, indoor air cleaners, or indoor air quality units, recirculate air within the safe room. There are four configurations: m Free-standing table top unit m Free-standing floor unit m Ceiling-mounted unit m Duct-mounted unit (with ducts completely inside the safe room) 3.4.2.1 Filter Unit Requirements for the Unventilated Class 2 Safe Room. The protection provided by an unventilated Class 2 Safe Room is determined by the clean-air delivery rate of the filter unit and the tightness of the enclosure. The clean-air delivery rate is a product of the filter removal efficiency (expressed as a decimal fraction) and the actual flow rate of the filter unit. If a high-efficiency filter unit is used, the clean-air delivery rate approaches the actual flow rate of the unit. If the filter has a single-pass efficiency of 50 percent, for example, the clean-air delivery rate is half the actual flow rate. For a given unit, the clean-air delivery rate is likely to be higher for aerosols than for gases and vapors because efficiencies of adsorbers are typically lower than the efficiencies of particulate filters in these units. 3- CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion
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Risk Management Series Design Guida
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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This guidance focuses on safe rooms
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protect occupants until law enforce
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of best practices (based on current
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Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
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1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
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2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
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4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
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FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
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Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
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chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
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in response to the manmade CBRE thr
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decides not to chance fate and cons
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Although operational security measu
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Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
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Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
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odorless. Their effects occur mainl
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Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
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Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
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Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
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m It is partially shielded by the s
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m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
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structure or a new structure to be
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m Territoriality (promotes a sense
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Figure 1- examples of internal shel
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Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
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loading depending upon the building
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model building codes all have provi
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Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
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operations and maintenance plan. De
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For tornado shelters, the most crit
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Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
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every building should have an emerg
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Three methods are followed for the
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partitions for areas of about 12,00
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the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
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Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
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Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
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Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
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Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
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2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
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affect the hazard potential of the
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2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
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As an example, panelized constructi
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2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
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Protective design further requires
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deformed, and transfer them to the
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pressures, such that they overcome
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façade materials intact and attach
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2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
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Blast-resistant detailing requires
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the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
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spacing of 16 inches that extends i
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In order for the glazing to realize
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precast panels, the spacing of the
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to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
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without any means of attachment or
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polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
Page 120 and 121: Rigid catch bar systems were design
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Page 124 and 125: Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
Page 126 and 127: Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
Page 128 and 129: 2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
Page 130 and 131: Shearwalls consist of straight or d
Page 132 and 133: Light wood frame structures do not
Page 134 and 135: eam column joints, all member stres
Page 136 and 137: Steel moment frame structures provi
Page 138 and 139: Steel frames with infill masonry wa
Page 140 and 141: esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
Page 142 and 143: to provide ductile performance. The
Page 144 and 145: Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
Page 146 and 147: Precast concrete frames and shearwa
Page 148 and 149: uilding. Locating the shelter in th
Page 150 and 151: Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
Page 152 and 153: damage in response to 500 pounds of
Page 154 and 155: Floor slabs within an interior stai
Page 156 and 157: 3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
Page 158 and 159: m Class 2. This class also includes
Page 160 and 161: may be necessary for people to occu
Page 162 and 163: 3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
Page 164 and 165: interior room is preferable to a ro
Page 166 and 167: m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
Page 168 and 169: Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
Page 172 and 173: Many models of these indoor air pur
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Page 176 and 177: Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
Page 178 and 179: 3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
Page 180 and 181: m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
Page 182 and 183: Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
Page 184 and 185: m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
Page 186 and 187: 3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
Page 188 and 189: have been appropriately placed to p
Page 190 and 191: m To develop an understanding of th
Page 192 and 193: CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
Page 194 and 195: Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
Page 196 and 197: Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
Page 198: address system or the single-switch
Page 201 and 202: the Homeland security digital Libra
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Page 205 and 206: From established reporting mechanis
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Page 209 and 210: m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
Page 211 and 212: dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
Page 213 and 214: The 48 seconds do not include the t
Page 215 and 216: Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
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4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
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Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
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Toilets would be needed by the occu
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4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
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FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
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4.9 training and inFormation Employ
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
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Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
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Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
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Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
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Addresses workplace vulnerability t
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State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
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Management (2003) http://floridadis
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UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
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C CA California C&C components and
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F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
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J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
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O O.C. on center OG outer garments
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U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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