FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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may be necessary for people to occupy safe rooms for longer periods as a precautionary measure. The potential for safe room stays of longer duration make it important to consider human factors in designing and planning safe rooms. Human factors considerations include ventilation, environmental control, drinking water, toilets, lighting, and communications. 3.2 HoW aiR FiLTRaTion aFFeCTS pRoTeCTion The addition of air filtering improves the protection a safe room provides, although there are limitations as to what gases can be filtered. Ventilation with filtered air also removes the time constraints associated with unventilated shelters. To protect against the many gases, vapors, and aerosols that could be released in an accident or terrorist act requires three different filtering processes. Mechanical filtration is most commonly used for aerosols; physical adsorption, for chemical agents of low vapor pressure; and chemisorption, for chemical agents of high vapor pressure. These three processes can be provided by a combination of two types of filters: the HEPA filter to remove aerosols and a high-efficiency gas adsorber with impregnated carbon to remove vapors and gases. A filter system for a safe room must contain at least one HEPA and one gas adsorber in series, with the HEPA normally placed first in the flow stream. HEPA adequately removes all toxic aerosols, including sub-micron size biological agents. A gas adsorber works for most, but not all gases/vapors. Several of the common industrial gases, such as ammonia, are not removed by the best broad-spectrum impregnated carbon available. To protect against highly toxic chemicals, a Class 1 system requires ultra high-efficiency filtration, at least 99.999 percent removal in a single pass. HEPA filters, which are defined as having CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion 3-
at least 99.97 percent efficiency against the most penetrating particle size (about 0.3 micron), have efficiencies greater than 99.999 percent against aerosols of 1- to 10-micron size, the most likely size range for biological-agent aerosols. With a filtration system drawing outside air, the level of protection the safe room provides is a function of the filter efficiency. With an unventilated Class 2 system, the level of protection is not affected as greatly by changes in filter efficiency. For example, increasing filter efficiency from 99 percent to 99.999 percent in an unventilated Class 2 system improves the protection factor by about 1 percent. The same change in a Class 1 system yields a protection factor 1,000 times higher. All filters have limited service life. In operation, a gas adsorber loads as molecules fill the micropores of the carbon, and a HEPA filter loads with dust and other particles to increase the resistance to flow. The adsorber loses capacity for gases over time when exposed to the atmosphere, even if air is not flowing through it. The shelf life of an adsorber ranges from 5 to 10 years when the filters are hermetically sealed in a container. The service life of the adsorber varies with the operating environment and is generally less than 5 years. For this reason, filters intended for use in safe rooms in the home or office are typically designed to remain sealed in a metal canister until they are needed in an emergency. This hermetic sealing can ensure the filters retain full filtering capacity for 10 years or more, although most manufacturers do not warranty them for more than 10 years. Commercial filter units that are designed for indoor air quality can be used in an unventilated Class 2 Safe Room. There are many different models available from several manufacturers; however, the filtering performance varies over a wide range. These filter units can be ceiling-mounted, duct-mounted, or free-standing floor or table units having both HEPA filters and adsorbers (usually an activated carbon and zeolite mix). The HEPA filter element provides protection against a biological agent and other solid aerosols such as tear gas, while the adsorber protects against gases and vapors. 3- CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion
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Risk Management Series Design Guida
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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This guidance focuses on safe rooms
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protect occupants until law enforce
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of best practices (based on current
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Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
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1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
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2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
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4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
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FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
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Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
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chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
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in response to the manmade CBRE thr
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decides not to chance fate and cons
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Although operational security measu
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Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
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Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
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odorless. Their effects occur mainl
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Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
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Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
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Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
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m It is partially shielded by the s
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m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
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structure or a new structure to be
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m Territoriality (promotes a sense
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Figure 1- examples of internal shel
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Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
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loading depending upon the building
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model building codes all have provi
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Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
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operations and maintenance plan. De
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For tornado shelters, the most crit
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Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
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every building should have an emerg
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Three methods are followed for the
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partitions for areas of about 12,00
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the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
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Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
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Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
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Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
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Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
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2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
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affect the hazard potential of the
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2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
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As an example, panelized constructi
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2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
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Protective design further requires
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deformed, and transfer them to the
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pressures, such that they overcome
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façade materials intact and attach
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2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
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Blast-resistant detailing requires
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the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
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spacing of 16 inches that extends i
Page 110 and 111: In order for the glazing to realize
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Page 118 and 119: polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
Page 120 and 121: Rigid catch bar systems were design
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Page 124 and 125: Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
Page 126 and 127: Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
Page 128 and 129: 2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
Page 130 and 131: Shearwalls consist of straight or d
Page 132 and 133: Light wood frame structures do not
Page 134 and 135: eam column joints, all member stres
Page 136 and 137: Steel moment frame structures provi
Page 138 and 139: Steel frames with infill masonry wa
Page 140 and 141: esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
Page 142 and 143: to provide ductile performance. The
Page 144 and 145: Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
Page 146 and 147: Precast concrete frames and shearwa
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Page 150 and 151: Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
Page 152 and 153: damage in response to 500 pounds of
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Page 156 and 157: 3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
Page 158 and 159: m Class 2. This class also includes
Page 162 and 163: 3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
Page 164 and 165: interior room is preferable to a ro
Page 166 and 167: m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
Page 168 and 169: Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
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Page 172 and 173: Many models of these indoor air pur
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Page 176 and 177: Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
Page 178 and 179: 3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
Page 180 and 181: m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
Page 182 and 183: Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
Page 184 and 185: m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
Page 186 and 187: 3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
Page 188 and 189: have been appropriately placed to p
Page 190 and 191: m To develop an understanding of th
Page 192 and 193: CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
Page 194 and 195: Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
Page 196 and 197: Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
Page 198: address system or the single-switch
Page 201 and 202: the Homeland security digital Libra
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Page 209 and 210: m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
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dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
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The 48 seconds do not include the t
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Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m In the initial phase (hours and d
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designated. The following is a list
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m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
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4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
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Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
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Toilets would be needed by the occu
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4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
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FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
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4.9 training and inFormation Employ
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
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Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
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Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
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Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
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Addresses workplace vulnerability t
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State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
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Management (2003) http://floridadis
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UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
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C CA California C&C components and
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F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
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J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
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O O.C. on center OG outer garments
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U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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