FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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damage in response to 500 pounds of TNT at a distance of 250 feet or less. At these loads, the structure supported by the loadbearing masonry wall is likely to suffer localized collapse. Grout and additional reinforcement may be inserted within the cores of existing masonry walls; however, a stiffened steel panel provides the most effective way to restrain the debris and assume the gravity loads following the loss of load carrying capacity within the wall. A shelter within these buildings would best be located within interior space or a building core, preferably enclosed on one or more sides by the shear walls. 2.6.7 conclusions Despite the various types of construction, the following protective measures may be used to establish a hardened space that will limit the extent of debris resulting from an explosive event. A shelter is best located within interior space or a building core at the lowest levels of a building or on the ground floor for a slab on grade structure. A debris catch system should be installed beneath the roof rafters of a single-story building. The exterior façade should be either reinforced masonry or precast panels and windows should either be laminated or treated with an anti-shatter film that is anchored to the surrounding walls. First floor steel columns may be concrete encased and first floor splices may be reinforced. Existing masonry infill walls may be retrofitted by either grouting cables within holes cored within the walls or with a spray-on application of a shotcrete and welded wire fabric or a polyurea debris catch membrane. Hardened interior partitions, such as metal stud blast walls, may be used to enclose the shelter and these walls should be anchored to an existing structure. A stiffened steel panel may be constructed interior to existing load-bearing masonry walls. 2.7 caSe StudY: BlaSt-reSiStant SaFe rOOm Consider the example of a safe room established in the stairwell of a multi-story office building: it may be assumed the original Structural deSign criteria 2- 9
construction did not provide for reinforced masonry or reinforced concrete enclosures. To achieve the greatest stand-off distance and isolate the safe room from a vehicle-borne explosive threat, the stairwell should be interior to the structure. This will provide the maximum level of protection from an undefined explosive threat. Although it is common to place emergency stairs within the building core, one can only reasonably expect a reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry stair enclosure for a shearwall lateral resisting structural system. Due to the large difference in weight and constructability, a stud wall with gypsum board stair enclosure will be routinely used in lieu of reinforced masonry or concrete for framed construction. The stair enclosures may therefore be designed or upgraded to include 16-gauge sheet metal supported by 18-gauge steel studs that are attached web to web (back to back). These walls must be adequately anchored to the existing floor slabs to develop the plastic capacity of the studs acting both in flexure and in tension. Alternatively, fully grouted reinforced masonry stairwell enclosures, #4 bars in each cell, may be specified. The masonry walls must be adequately anchored to the existing floor slabs to develop the ultimate lateral resistance of the wall in order to transfer the reaction loads into the lateral resisting system of the building. Doors to the stairway enclosures are to be hollow steel or steel clad, such as 14-gauge steel doors with 20-gauge ribs, with pressed steel frames; double doors should utilize a center stile. Doors should open away from the safe room and be securely anchored to the wall construction, locally reinforced around the door. Any windows within the stairwell enclosures are to contain laminated glass, utilizing 0.060 PVB, that is adhered within the mullions with a ½-inch bead of structural silicone. The mullions are to be anchored into the surrounding walls to develop the full capacity of the glazing materials. Alternatively, a 7-mil anti-shatter film may be applied to existing windows and mechanically attached to the surrounding mullions to develop the full capacity of the film. A wet glazed attachment of the film may alternatively be applied; however, this provides a less reliable bond to the existing mullions. 2- 0 Structural deSign criteria
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Risk Management Series Design Guida
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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This guidance focuses on safe rooms
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protect occupants until law enforce
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of best practices (based on current
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Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
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1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
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2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
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4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
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FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
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Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
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chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
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in response to the manmade CBRE thr
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decides not to chance fate and cons
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Although operational security measu
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Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
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Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
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odorless. Their effects occur mainl
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Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
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Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
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Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
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m It is partially shielded by the s
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m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
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structure or a new structure to be
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m Territoriality (promotes a sense
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Figure 1- examples of internal shel
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Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
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loading depending upon the building
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model building codes all have provi
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Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
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operations and maintenance plan. De
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For tornado shelters, the most crit
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Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
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every building should have an emerg
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Three methods are followed for the
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partitions for areas of about 12,00
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the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
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Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
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Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
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Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
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Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
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2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
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affect the hazard potential of the
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2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
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As an example, panelized constructi
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2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
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Protective design further requires
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deformed, and transfer them to the
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pressures, such that they overcome
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façade materials intact and attach
Page 102 and 103: 2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
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Page 108 and 109: spacing of 16 inches that extends i
Page 110 and 111: In order for the glazing to realize
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Page 116 and 117: without any means of attachment or
Page 118 and 119: polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
Page 120 and 121: Rigid catch bar systems were design
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Page 124 and 125: Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
Page 126 and 127: Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
Page 128 and 129: 2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
Page 130 and 131: Shearwalls consist of straight or d
Page 132 and 133: Light wood frame structures do not
Page 134 and 135: eam column joints, all member stres
Page 136 and 137: Steel moment frame structures provi
Page 138 and 139: Steel frames with infill masonry wa
Page 140 and 141: esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
Page 142 and 143: to provide ductile performance. The
Page 144 and 145: Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
Page 146 and 147: Precast concrete frames and shearwa
Page 148 and 149: uilding. Locating the shelter in th
Page 150 and 151: Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
Page 154 and 155: Floor slabs within an interior stai
Page 156 and 157: 3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
Page 158 and 159: m Class 2. This class also includes
Page 160 and 161: may be necessary for people to occu
Page 162 and 163: 3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
Page 164 and 165: interior room is preferable to a ro
Page 166 and 167: m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
Page 168 and 169: Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
Page 170 and 171: enclosure subjected to wind and buo
Page 172 and 173: Many models of these indoor air pur
Page 174 and 175: designing and building ultra-high e
Page 176 and 177: Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
Page 178 and 179: 3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
Page 180 and 181: m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
Page 182 and 183: Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
Page 184 and 185: m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
Page 186 and 187: 3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
Page 188 and 189: have been appropriately placed to p
Page 190 and 191: m To develop an understanding of th
Page 192 and 193: CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
Page 194 and 195: Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
Page 196 and 197: Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
Page 198: address system or the single-switch
Page 201 and 202: the Homeland security digital Libra
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the national Fire Protection associ
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From established reporting mechanis
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An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
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m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
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dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
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The 48 seconds do not include the t
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Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m In the initial phase (hours and d
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designated. The following is a list
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m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
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4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
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Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
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Toilets would be needed by the occu
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4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
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FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
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4.9 training and inFormation Employ
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
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Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
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Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
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Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
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Addresses workplace vulnerability t
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State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
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Management (2003) http://floridadis
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UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
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C CA California C&C components and
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F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
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J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
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O O.C. on center OG outer garments
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U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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