FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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Light wood frame structures do not possess significant resistance to blast loads although larger wood commercial buildings will be better able to accept these lateral loads than light frame wood construction. These buildings are likely to suffer heavy damage in response to 50 pounds of TNT at a stand-off distance of 20 to 50 feet. A shelter would best be located in a basement where the protection to blast loading would be provided by the surrounding soil. Large explosive detonations in close proximity to the building will not only destroy the superstructure, but the effects of ground shock are likely to fail the foundation walls as well; therefore, protected spaces should be located interior to the building. Locating the shelter on the ground floor, for slab on grade structures, provides the maximum number of floors between occupants and possible roof debris. Debris catch systems may be installed beneath roof rafters of single-story buildings; however, the effectiveness of the debris catch system will be limited if the zone of roof damage is extensive. Structural deSign criteria Figure 2-2 W2 wood commercial buildings 2- 9
Metal stud blast walls built within the existing building may be used to supplement the enclosure; however, in order for these walls to develop their resistance to lateral loads, they must be anchored to an existing structure. Windows enclosing the selected shelter must either be laminated or treated with an anti-shatter film. Either the laminated glass or the anti-shatter film should be anchored to the surrounding wall with a system that can develop but not overwhelm the capacity of the wall. A conservative estimate of the ultimate capacity of an existing wall may be determined, in the absence of actual design information, by scaling the code specified wind pressures with the appropriate factor of safety. 2.6.2 S1, S2, and S3 Steel moment Frames, Steel Braced Frames, and Steel light Frames Steel moment frame and braced frame buildings with cast-inplace concrete slabs or metal deck with concrete fill supported on steel beams, open web joists, or steel trusses are well suited for a hardened shelter construction. Lateral forces in steel moment frame buildings are resisted by means of rigid or semirigid beam-column connections (see Figure 2-24). When all connections are moment-resisting connections, the entire frame participates in lateral force resistance. When only selected connections are moment-resisting connections, resistance is provided along discrete frame lines. Columns are oriented so that each principal direction of the building has columns resisting forces in strong axis bending. Diaphragms consist of concrete or metal deck with concrete fill and are stiff relative to the frames. Walls may consist of metal panel curtainwalls, glazing, brick masonry, or precast concrete panels. When the interior of the structure is finished, frames are concealed by ceilings, partition walls, and architectural column furring. Foundations consist of concrete spread footings or deep pile foundations. Lateral forces in steel braced frame buildings are resisted by tension and compression forces in diagonal steel members (see Figure 2-25). When diagonal brace connections are concentric to 2- 0 Structural deSign criteria
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Risk Management Series Design Guida
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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This guidance focuses on safe rooms
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protect occupants until law enforce
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of best practices (based on current
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Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
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1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
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2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
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4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
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FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
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Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
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chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
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in response to the manmade CBRE thr
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decides not to chance fate and cons
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Although operational security measu
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Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
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Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
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odorless. Their effects occur mainl
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Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
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Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
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Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
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m It is partially shielded by the s
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m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
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structure or a new structure to be
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m Territoriality (promotes a sense
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Figure 1- examples of internal shel
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Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
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loading depending upon the building
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model building codes all have provi
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Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
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operations and maintenance plan. De
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For tornado shelters, the most crit
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Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
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every building should have an emerg
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Three methods are followed for the
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partitions for areas of about 12,00
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the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
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Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
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Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
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Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
Page 81 and 82: Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
Page 84 and 85: 2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
Page 86 and 87: affect the hazard potential of the
Page 88 and 89: 2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
Page 90 and 91: As an example, panelized constructi
Page 92 and 93: 2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
Page 94 and 95: Protective design further requires
Page 96 and 97: deformed, and transfer them to the
Page 98 and 99: pressures, such that they overcome
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Page 102 and 103: 2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
Page 104 and 105: Blast-resistant detailing requires
Page 106 and 107: the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
Page 108 and 109: spacing of 16 inches that extends i
Page 110 and 111: In order for the glazing to realize
Page 112 and 113: precast panels, the spacing of the
Page 114 and 115: to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
Page 116 and 117: without any means of attachment or
Page 118 and 119: polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
Page 120 and 121: Rigid catch bar systems were design
Page 122 and 123: stainless steel cables connected wi
Page 124 and 125: Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
Page 126 and 127: Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
Page 128 and 129: 2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
Page 130 and 131: Shearwalls consist of straight or d
Page 134 and 135: eam column joints, all member stres
Page 136 and 137: Steel moment frame structures provi
Page 138 and 139: Steel frames with infill masonry wa
Page 140 and 141: esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
Page 142 and 143: to provide ductile performance. The
Page 144 and 145: Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
Page 146 and 147: Precast concrete frames and shearwa
Page 148 and 149: uilding. Locating the shelter in th
Page 150 and 151: Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
Page 152 and 153: damage in response to 500 pounds of
Page 154 and 155: Floor slabs within an interior stai
Page 156 and 157: 3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
Page 158 and 159: m Class 2. This class also includes
Page 160 and 161: may be necessary for people to occu
Page 162 and 163: 3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
Page 164 and 165: interior room is preferable to a ro
Page 166 and 167: m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
Page 168 and 169: Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
Page 170 and 171: enclosure subjected to wind and buo
Page 172 and 173: Many models of these indoor air pur
Page 174 and 175: designing and building ultra-high e
Page 176 and 177: Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
Page 178 and 179: 3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
Page 180 and 181: m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
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Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
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m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
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3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
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have been appropriately placed to p
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m To develop an understanding of th
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CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
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Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
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Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
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address system or the single-switch
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the Homeland security digital Libra
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the national Fire Protection associ
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From established reporting mechanis
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An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
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m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
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dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
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The 48 seconds do not include the t
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Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m In the initial phase (hours and d
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designated. The following is a list
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m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
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4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
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Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
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Toilets would be needed by the occu
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4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
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FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
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4.9 training and inFormation Employ
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
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Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
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Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
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Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
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Addresses workplace vulnerability t
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State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
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Management (2003) http://floridadis
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UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
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C CA California C&C components and
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F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
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J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
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O O.C. on center OG outer garments
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U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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