FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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Table 1-1: Safe Evacuation Distances from Explosive Threats High Explosives (TNT Equivalent) Threat Description design considerations Pipe Bomb suicide Belt suicide Vest Briefcase/ suitcase Bomb compact sedan sedan Passenger/ cargo Van small Moving Van/ delivery truck Moving Van/ Water truck semi-trailer Explosives Mass* (TNT equivalent) lbs 2.3 kg 10 lbs 4. kg 20 lbs 9 kg 0 lbs 23 kg 00 lbs 22 kg 1,000 lbs 4 4 kg 4,000 lbs 1,814 kg 10,000 lbs 4, 36 kg 30,000 lbs 13,608 kg 60,000 lbs 2 ,216 kg Building Evacuation Distance** 0 ft 21 m 90 ft 2 m 110 ft 34 m 1 0 ft 46 m 320 ft 98 m 400 ft 122 m 640 ft 19 m 860 ft 263 m 1,240 ft 3 m 1, 0 ft 4 m * Based on the maximum amount of material that could reasonably fit into a container or vehicle. Variations are possible. ** governed by the ability of an unreinforced building to withstand severe damage or collapse. Outdoor Evacuation Distance*** 8 0 ft 2 9 m 1,080 ft 330 m 1,360 ft 41 m 1,8 0 ft 64 m 1, 00 ft 4 m 1, 0 ft 34 m 2, 0 ft 838 m 3, 0 ft 1,143 m 6, 00 ft 1,982 m ,000 ft 2,134 m *** governed by the greater of fragment throw distance or glass breakage/falling glass hazard distance. these distances can be reduced for personnel wearing ballistic protection. note that the pipe bombs, suicide belts/vests, and briefcase/suitcase bombs are assumed to have a fragmentation characteristic that requires greater stand-off distances than an equal amount of explosives in a vehicle. 1
Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distances from LPG Threats Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG - Butane or Propane) Threat Description LPG Mass/Volume small LPg tank Large LPg tank commercial/ residential LPg tank small LPg truck semi-tanker LPg * assuming efficient mixing of the flammable gas with ambient air. 20 lbs/ gal 9 kg/19 l 100 lbs/2 gal 4 kg/9 l 2,000 lbs/ 00 gal 90 kg/1,893 l 8,000 lbs/2,000 gal 3,630 kg/ , 0 l 40,000 lbs/10,000 gal 18,144 kg/3 ,8 0 l Fireball Diameter* 40 ft 12 m 69 ft 21 m 184 ft 6 m 292 ft 89 m 499 ft 1 2 m Safe Distance** 160 ft 48 m 2 6 ft 84 m 36 ft 224 m 1,168 ft 3 6 m 1,996 ft 608 m ** determined by u.s. firefighting practices wherein safe distances are approximately four times the flame height. note that an LPg tank filled with high explosives would require a significantly greater stand-off distance than if it were filled with LPg. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) report on Incidents, Casualties and Property Damage for all states for 2002 lists 553 actual bombing incidents, 32 of which were premature explosions, injuring 80 people, killing 13, and causing over $5 million in damages. Nearly half of the events were against buildings and nearly a quarter were against vehicles. 1-8 design considerations
Page 1 and 2: Risk Management Series Design Guida
Page 3 and 4: Any opinions, findings, conclusions
Page 5 and 6: This guidance focuses on safe rooms
Page 7 and 8: protect occupants until law enforce
Page 9 and 10: of best practices (based on current
Page 11 and 12: Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
Page 13 and 14: 1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
Page 15 and 16: 2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
Page 17 and 18: 4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
Page 19 and 20: FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
Page 21 and 22: Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
Page 23 and 24: chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
Page 25 and 26: in response to the manmade CBRE thr
Page 27 and 28: decides not to chance fate and cons
Page 29: Although operational security measu
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
Page 35 and 36: odorless. Their effects occur mainl
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
Page 39 and 40: Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
Page 41 and 42: Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
Page 43 and 44: m It is partially shielded by the s
Page 45 and 46: m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
Page 47 and 48: structure or a new structure to be
Page 49 and 50: m Territoriality (promotes a sense
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1- examples of internal shel
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
Page 55 and 56: loading depending upon the building
Page 57 and 58: model building codes all have provi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
Page 61 and 62: operations and maintenance plan. De
Page 63 and 64: For tornado shelters, the most crit
Page 65 and 66: Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
Page 67 and 68: every building should have an emerg
Page 69 and 70: Three methods are followed for the
Page 71 and 72: partitions for areas of about 12,00
Page 73 and 74: the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
Page 75 and 76: Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
Page 77 and 78: Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
Page 79 and 80: Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
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Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
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2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
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affect the hazard potential of the
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2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
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As an example, panelized constructi
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2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
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Protective design further requires
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deformed, and transfer them to the
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pressures, such that they overcome
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façade materials intact and attach
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2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
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Blast-resistant detailing requires
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the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
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spacing of 16 inches that extends i
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In order for the glazing to realize
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precast panels, the spacing of the
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to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
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without any means of attachment or
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polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
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Rigid catch bar systems were design
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stainless steel cables connected wi
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Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
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Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
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2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
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Shearwalls consist of straight or d
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Light wood frame structures do not
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eam column joints, all member stres
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Steel moment frame structures provi
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Steel frames with infill masonry wa
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esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
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to provide ductile performance. The
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Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
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Precast concrete frames and shearwa
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uilding. Locating the shelter in th
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Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
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damage in response to 500 pounds of
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Floor slabs within an interior stai
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3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
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m Class 2. This class also includes
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may be necessary for people to occu
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3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
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interior room is preferable to a ro
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m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
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Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
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enclosure subjected to wind and buo
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Many models of these indoor air pur
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designing and building ultra-high e
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Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
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3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
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m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
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Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
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m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
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3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
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have been appropriately placed to p
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m To develop an understanding of th
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CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
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Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
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Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
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address system or the single-switch
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the Homeland security digital Libra
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the national Fire Protection associ
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From established reporting mechanis
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An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
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m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
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dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
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The 48 seconds do not include the t
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Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m In the initial phase (hours and d
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designated. The following is a list
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m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
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4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
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Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
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Toilets would be needed by the occu
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4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
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FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
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4.9 training and inFormation Employ
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
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Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
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Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
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Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
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Addresses workplace vulnerability t
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State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
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Management (2003) http://floridadis
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UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
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C CA California C&C components and
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F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
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J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
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O O.C. on center OG outer garments
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U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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