FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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m The first emergency responders were colleagues and regular building occupants. Acts of individual heroism saved many people whom traditional emergency responders would have been unable to reach in time. m Only one elevator in each building was of use to the responders. To gain access to the injured and trapped occupants, firefighters had to climb the stairs, carrying the equipment with them. m NIST estimated that emergency responder climbing rates varied between approximately 1.4 minutes per floor for personnel not carrying extra equipment to approximately 2.0 minutes per floor for personnel wearing protective clothing and carrying between 50 and 100 pounds of extra equipment. m With a few special exceptions, building codes in the United States do not permit use of fireprotected elevators for routine emergency access by first responders or as a secondary method (after stairwells) for emergency evacuation of building occupants. The elevator use by emergency responders would additionally mitigate counterflow problems in stairwells. m Although the United States conducted research on specially protected elevators in the late 1970s, the United Kingdom along with several other countries that typically utilize British standards have required such “firefighter lifts,” located in protected shafts, for a number of years. m Although it is difficult to maintain this pace for more than about the first 20 stories, it would take an emergency responder between 1½ to 2 hours to reach, for example, the 60 th floor of a tall building if that pace could be maintained (see Figure 4-5). EmErgEncy managEmEnt considErations 4- 5
Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and emergency response soUrcE: nist Wtc rEPort High-Rise Buildings and Emergency Response Example: Fire department response to a 60-story high-rise building, occupants trapped on the 58 th and no operating elevators. Firefighters carrying equipment and wearing PPE ~ 5 minutes Firefighters carrying no equipment and not wearing PPE ~ 0 minutes Firefighters carrying equipment and wearing PPE ~ 70 minutes Firefighters carrying no equipment and not wearing PPE ~ 50 minutes Firefighters begin to climb – 0 minutes Fire department arrival – 4 minutes m Such a delay, combined with the resulting fatigue and physical effects on emergency responders that were reported on September 11, 2001, would make firefighting and rescue efforts difficult even in tall building emergencies not involving a terrorist attack. 4.4.3 mass care 60th floor 58th floor 30th floor The shelter plays a critical role in the mass care and response capability as developed in Appendix 3 of the NRP-CIS: “Mass Care coordinates Federal assistance in support of Regional, State, and local efforts to meet the mass care needs of victims of a disaster. This Federal assistance will support the delivery of mass care services of shelter, feeding, and emergency first aid to disaster victims; the establishment of systems to provide bulk distribution 4- 6 EmErgEncy managEmEnt considErations FIRES Lobby
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Risk Management Series Design Guida
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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This guidance focuses on safe rooms
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protect occupants until law enforce
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of best practices (based on current
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Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
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1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
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2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
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4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
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FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
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Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
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chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
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in response to the manmade CBRE thr
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decides not to chance fate and cons
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Although operational security measu
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Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
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Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
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odorless. Their effects occur mainl
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Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
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Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
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Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
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m It is partially shielded by the s
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m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
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structure or a new structure to be
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m Territoriality (promotes a sense
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Figure 1- examples of internal shel
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Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
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loading depending upon the building
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model building codes all have provi
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Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
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operations and maintenance plan. De
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For tornado shelters, the most crit
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Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
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every building should have an emerg
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Three methods are followed for the
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partitions for areas of about 12,00
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the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
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Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
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Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
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Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
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Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
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2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
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affect the hazard potential of the
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2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
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As an example, panelized constructi
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2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
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Protective design further requires
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deformed, and transfer them to the
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pressures, such that they overcome
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façade materials intact and attach
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2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
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Blast-resistant detailing requires
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the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
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spacing of 16 inches that extends i
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In order for the glazing to realize
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precast panels, the spacing of the
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to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
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without any means of attachment or
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polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
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Rigid catch bar systems were design
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stainless steel cables connected wi
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Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
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Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
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2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
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Shearwalls consist of straight or d
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Light wood frame structures do not
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eam column joints, all member stres
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Steel moment frame structures provi
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Steel frames with infill masonry wa
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esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
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to provide ductile performance. The
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Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
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Precast concrete frames and shearwa
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uilding. Locating the shelter in th
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Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
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damage in response to 500 pounds of
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Floor slabs within an interior stai
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3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
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m Class 2. This class also includes
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may be necessary for people to occu
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3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
Page 164 and 165: interior room is preferable to a ro
Page 166 and 167: m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
Page 168 and 169: Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
Page 170 and 171: enclosure subjected to wind and buo
Page 172 and 173: Many models of these indoor air pur
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Page 176 and 177: Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
Page 178 and 179: 3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
Page 180 and 181: m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
Page 182 and 183: Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
Page 184 and 185: m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
Page 186 and 187: 3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
Page 188 and 189: have been appropriately placed to p
Page 190 and 191: m To develop an understanding of th
Page 192 and 193: CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
Page 194 and 195: Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
Page 196 and 197: Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
Page 198: address system or the single-switch
Page 201 and 202: the Homeland security digital Libra
Page 203 and 204: the national Fire Protection associ
Page 205 and 206: From established reporting mechanis
Page 207 and 208: An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
Page 209 and 210: m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
Page 211 and 212: dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
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Page 217 and 218: m In the initial phase (hours and d
Page 219 and 220: designated. The following is a list
Page 221 and 222: m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
Page 223 and 224: 4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
Page 225 and 226: Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
Page 227 and 228: Toilets would be needed by the occu
Page 229 and 230: 4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
Page 231 and 232: FEma’s United states Fire adminis
Page 233 and 234: 4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
Page 235 and 236: 4.9 training and inFormation Employ
Page 237 and 238: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
Page 239 and 240: Federal Emergency Management Agency
Page 241 and 242: Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
Page 243 and 244: Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
Page 245 and 246: Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
Page 247 and 248: Addresses workplace vulnerability t
Page 249 and 250: State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
Page 251 and 252: Management (2003) http://floridadis
Page 253 and 254: UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
Page 255 and 256: C CA California C&C components and
Page 257 and 258: F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
Page 259 and 260: J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
Page 261 and 262: O O.C. on center OG outer garments
Page 263: U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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