FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Many models of these indoor air purifiers are available commercially, but not all of them have performance suitable for use in protecting against toxic aerosols, gases, and vapors. The following are criteria for selection of recirculating filter units for use in safe rooms: m The filter unit must have both an adsorber containing activated carbon and a particulate filter. m The adsorber must have at least 1 pound of activated carbon for each 20 cfm of flow rate. For example, a 200-cfm unit requires at least 10 pounds of carbon adsorbent. m The particulate filter must have an efficiency of at least 99 percent against 1-micron particles. m The unit(s) must provide a total clean-air delivery rate of at least 1 cfm per square foot of floor area. m The adsorber must have the capability for chemisorption (i.e., for removal of gases that are not removed by physical adsorption). There are also ventilated Class 2 Safe Rooms and essentially these are ones for which the filter unit has inadequate capacity to produce a measurable overpressure with the size of the selected safe room. In essence, the filter units are over-rated by the filter unit manufacturer. Generally, if a filter unit capacity in cfm is less than one-fourth the area (in square feet) of the selected safe room, depending on the type of construction, it will not produce a measurable overpressure. Matching the filter unit capacity to safe room size for Class 1 (pressurized) Safe Rooms is addressed in Section 3.4.3.2. 3.4.2.2 Installation and Operation. For the unventilated safe room, floor/table model filter units and ceiling-mounted models should be placed in the center of the room to maximize air mixing. There should be no obstruction to the airflow into and out of the filter units. CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion 3-
Duct-mounted models must conform to the requirements stated above for air-handling units. Ducts cannot be outside the envelope formed by the walls, ceiling, and floor. The adsorbers of these commercial units are generally lacking in capability for filtering a broad range of high-vapor-pressure agents. Several of the common industrial chemicals (e.g., ammonia) are not removed. The filter unit can be used routinely for indoor air quality; a spare set of filters should be kept on hand for use in a toxic-materials emergency, along with instructions for changing the filters so that the change can be made rapidly. 3.4.3 Class 1 Safe Room Designing and installing a ventilated safe room is much more complex than an unventilated safe room, particularly with regard to the filter unit. Pressurization requires introducing air from outside the protective enclosure; therefore, the removal efficiency of the filters is more critical in determining the protection provided. The system must employ ultra-high efficiency filters, and it must allow no air to bypass the filter as it is forced into the safe room. Except for military standards, there are no performance standards specifically for ultra-high efficiency adsorbers intended for protection of people from highly toxic chemicals. Performance of HEPA filters for aerosols is defined by ASME AG-1, Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment, and N509, Nuclear Power Plant Air-Cleaning Units and Components. The specifications for filter units available commercially may present information that only partially defines the performance of an adsorber. 3.4.3.1 Selecting a Filter Unit for a Class 1 Safe Room. Generally, filter units available commercially are not designed to standards that ensure protection against highly toxic chemical, biological, and radiological materials. Some may provide very little protection, particularly if the manufacturer is not experienced in 3- CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion
Page 1 and 2:
Risk Management Series Design Guida
Page 3 and 4:
Any opinions, findings, conclusions
Page 5 and 6:
This guidance focuses on safe rooms
Page 7 and 8:
protect occupants until law enforce
Page 9 and 10:
of best practices (based on current
Page 11 and 12:
Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
Page 13 and 14:
1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
Page 15 and 16:
2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
Page 17 and 18:
4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
Page 19 and 20:
FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
Page 21 and 22:
Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
Page 23 and 24:
chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
Page 25 and 26:
in response to the manmade CBRE thr
Page 27 and 28:
decides not to chance fate and cons
Page 29 and 30:
Although operational security measu
Page 31 and 32:
Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
Page 35 and 36:
odorless. Their effects occur mainl
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
Page 39 and 40:
Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
Page 43 and 44:
m It is partially shielded by the s
Page 45 and 46:
m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
Page 47 and 48:
structure or a new structure to be
Page 49 and 50:
m Territoriality (promotes a sense
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 1- examples of internal shel
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
Page 55 and 56:
loading depending upon the building
Page 57 and 58:
model building codes all have provi
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
Page 61 and 62:
operations and maintenance plan. De
Page 63 and 64:
For tornado shelters, the most crit
Page 65 and 66:
Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
Page 67 and 68:
every building should have an emerg
Page 69 and 70:
Three methods are followed for the
Page 71 and 72:
partitions for areas of about 12,00
Page 73 and 74:
the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
Page 84 and 85:
2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
Page 86 and 87:
affect the hazard potential of the
Page 88 and 89:
2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
Page 90 and 91:
As an example, panelized constructi
Page 92 and 93:
2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
Page 94 and 95:
Protective design further requires
Page 96 and 97:
deformed, and transfer them to the
Page 98 and 99:
pressures, such that they overcome
Page 100 and 101:
façade materials intact and attach
Page 102 and 103:
2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
Page 104 and 105:
Blast-resistant detailing requires
Page 106 and 107:
the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
Page 108 and 109:
spacing of 16 inches that extends i
Page 110 and 111:
In order for the glazing to realize
Page 112 and 113:
precast panels, the spacing of the
Page 114 and 115:
to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
Page 116 and 117:
without any means of attachment or
Page 118 and 119:
polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
Page 120 and 121:
Rigid catch bar systems were design
Page 122 and 123: stainless steel cables connected wi
Page 124 and 125: Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
Page 126 and 127: Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
Page 128 and 129: 2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
Page 130 and 131: Shearwalls consist of straight or d
Page 132 and 133: Light wood frame structures do not
Page 134 and 135: eam column joints, all member stres
Page 136 and 137: Steel moment frame structures provi
Page 138 and 139: Steel frames with infill masonry wa
Page 140 and 141: esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
Page 142 and 143: to provide ductile performance. The
Page 144 and 145: Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
Page 146 and 147: Precast concrete frames and shearwa
Page 148 and 149: uilding. Locating the shelter in th
Page 150 and 151: Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
Page 152 and 153: damage in response to 500 pounds of
Page 154 and 155: Floor slabs within an interior stai
Page 156 and 157: 3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
Page 158 and 159: m Class 2. This class also includes
Page 160 and 161: may be necessary for people to occu
Page 162 and 163: 3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
Page 164 and 165: interior room is preferable to a ro
Page 166 and 167: m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
Page 168 and 169: Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
Page 170 and 171: enclosure subjected to wind and buo
Page 174 and 175: designing and building ultra-high e
Page 176 and 177: Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
Page 178 and 179: 3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
Page 180 and 181: m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
Page 182 and 183: Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
Page 184 and 185: m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
Page 186 and 187: 3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
Page 188 and 189: have been appropriately placed to p
Page 190 and 191: m To develop an understanding of th
Page 192 and 193: CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
Page 194 and 195: Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
Page 196 and 197: Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
Page 198: address system or the single-switch
Page 201 and 202: the Homeland security digital Libra
Page 203 and 204: the national Fire Protection associ
Page 205 and 206: From established reporting mechanis
Page 207 and 208: An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
Page 209 and 210: m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
Page 211 and 212: dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
Page 213 and 214: The 48 seconds do not include the t
Page 215 and 216: Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
Page 217 and 218: m In the initial phase (hours and d
Page 219 and 220: designated. The following is a list
Page 221 and 222: m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
Page 223 and 224:
4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
Page 225 and 226:
Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
Page 227 and 228:
Toilets would be needed by the occu
Page 229 and 230:
4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
Page 231 and 232:
FEma’s United states Fire adminis
Page 233 and 234:
4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
Page 235 and 236:
4.9 training and inFormation Employ
Page 237 and 238:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
Page 239 and 240:
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Page 241 and 242:
Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
Page 243 and 244:
Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
Page 245 and 246:
Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
Page 247 and 248:
Addresses workplace vulnerability t
Page 249 and 250:
State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
Page 251 and 252:
Management (2003) http://floridadis
Page 253 and 254:
UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
Page 255 and 256:
C CA California C&C components and
Page 257 and 258:
F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
Page 259 and 260:
J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
Page 261 and 262:
O O.C. on center OG outer garments
Page 263:
U UBC Building Code UCRL University
show all

FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?