FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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The safe room may also shelter occupants from tornadoes and hurricanes, which are the most destructive forces of nature. Since 1995, over 1,200 tornadoes have been reported nationwide each year. Approximately five hurricanes strike the United States mainland every 3 years and two of these storms will cause extensive damage. Protection from the effects of these natural occurrences may be provided by well designed and amply supplied safe rooms. The well designed safe room protects occupants from the extremely rare, but potentially catastrophic effects of a manmade threat as well as the statistically more common, but potentially less severe effects of a natural disaster. scoPe and organIZatIon of tHe manUal This document will discuss the design of shelters to protect against CBRE attacks. Fallout shelters that are designed to protect against the effects of a nuclear weapon attack are not addressed in this publication. The risks of death or injury from CBRE attacks are not evenly distributed throughout the United States. This manual will guide the reader through the process of designing a shelter to protect against CBRE attacks. The intent of this manual is not to mandate the construction of shelters for CBRE events, but rather to provide design guidance for persons who wish to design and build such shelters. The design and planning necessary for extremely high-capacity shelters that may be required for large, public use venues such as stadiums or amphitheaters are beyond the scope of this design manual. An owner or operator of such a venue may be guided by concepts presented in this document, but detailed guidance concerning extremely high-capacity shelters is not provided. The design of such shelters requires attention to issues such as egress and life safety for a number of people that are orders of magnitude greater than those proposed for a shelter designed in accordance with the guidance provided herein. The intent of this manual is not to override or replace current codes and standards, but rather to provide important guidance foreword and acknowledgments v
of best practices (based on current technologies and scientific research) where none has been available. No known building, fire, life safety code, or engineering standard has previously attempted to provide detailed information, guidance, and recommendations concerning the design of CBRE shelters for protection of the general public. Therefore, the information provided herein is the best available at the time this manual was published. Designing and constructing a shelter according to the criteria in this manual does not mean that the shelter will be capable of withstanding every possible event. The design professional who ultimately designs a shelter should state the limiting assumptions and shelter design parameters on the project documents. This manual includes the following chapters and appendices: m Chapter 1 presents design considerations, potential threats, the levels of protection, shelter types, siting, occupancy duration, and human factors criteria for shelters (e.g., square footage per shelter occupant, proper ventilation, distance/travel time and accessibility, special needs, lighting, emergency power, route marking and wayfinding, signage, evacuation considerations, and key operations zones). m Chapter 2 discusses the structural design criteria for blast and impact resistance, as well as shelters and model building types. Structural systems and building envelope elements for shelters are analyzed and protective design measures for the defined building types are provided. m Chapter 3 describes how to add chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) protection capability to a shelter or a safe room. It also discusses air filtration, safe room criteria, design requirements, operations and maintenance, commissioning, and training required to operate a shelter. m Chapter 4 discusses emergency management considerations, Federal CBRE response teams, emergency response and vi foreword and acknowledgments
Page 1 and 2: Risk Management Series Design Guida
Page 3 and 4: Any opinions, findings, conclusions
Page 5 and 6: This guidance focuses on safe rooms
Page 7: protect occupants until law enforce
Page 11 and 12: Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
Page 13 and 14: 1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
Page 15 and 16: 2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
Page 17 and 18: 4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
Page 19 and 20: FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
Page 21 and 22: Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
Page 23 and 24: chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
Page 25 and 26: in response to the manmade CBRE thr
Page 27 and 28: decides not to chance fate and cons
Page 29 and 30: Although operational security measu
Page 31 and 32: Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
Page 35 and 36: odorless. Their effects occur mainl
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
Page 39 and 40: Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
Page 41 and 42: Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
Page 43 and 44: m It is partially shielded by the s
Page 45 and 46: m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
Page 47 and 48: structure or a new structure to be
Page 49 and 50: m Territoriality (promotes a sense
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1- examples of internal shel
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
Page 55 and 56: loading depending upon the building
Page 57 and 58: model building codes all have provi
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Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
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operations and maintenance plan. De
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For tornado shelters, the most crit
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Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
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every building should have an emerg
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Three methods are followed for the
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partitions for areas of about 12,00
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the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
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Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
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Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
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Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
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Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
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2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
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affect the hazard potential of the
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2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
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As an example, panelized constructi
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2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
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Protective design further requires
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deformed, and transfer them to the
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pressures, such that they overcome
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façade materials intact and attach
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2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
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Blast-resistant detailing requires
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the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
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spacing of 16 inches that extends i
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In order for the glazing to realize
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precast panels, the spacing of the
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to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
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without any means of attachment or
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polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
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Rigid catch bar systems were design
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stainless steel cables connected wi
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Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
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Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
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2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
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Shearwalls consist of straight or d
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Light wood frame structures do not
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eam column joints, all member stres
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Steel moment frame structures provi
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Steel frames with infill masonry wa
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esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
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to provide ductile performance. The
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Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
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Precast concrete frames and shearwa
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uilding. Locating the shelter in th
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Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
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damage in response to 500 pounds of
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Floor slabs within an interior stai
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3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
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m Class 2. This class also includes
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may be necessary for people to occu
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3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
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interior room is preferable to a ro
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m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
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Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
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enclosure subjected to wind and buo
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Many models of these indoor air pur
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designing and building ultra-high e
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Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
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3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
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m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
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Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
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m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
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3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
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have been appropriately placed to p
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m To develop an understanding of th
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CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
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Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
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Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
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address system or the single-switch
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the Homeland security digital Libra
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the national Fire Protection associ
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From established reporting mechanis
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An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
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m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
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dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
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The 48 seconds do not include the t
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Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m In the initial phase (hours and d
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designated. The following is a list
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m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
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4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
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Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
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Toilets would be needed by the occu
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4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
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FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
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4.9 training and inFormation Employ
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
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Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
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Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
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Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
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Addresses workplace vulnerability t
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State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
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Management (2003) http://floridadis
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UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
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C CA California C&C components and
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F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
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J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
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O O.C. on center OG outer garments
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U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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