FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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provide the shortest possible access time and most accessible route for all potential shelter occupants. Access is an important element of shelter design. If obstructions exist along the travel route, or if the shelter is cluttered with nonessential equipment and storage items, access to the shelter will be impeded. It is essential that the path remain unencumbered to allow orderly access to the shelter. Hindering access in any way can lead to chaos and panic. For example, at a community shelter built to serve a residential neighborhood, parking at the shelter site may complicate access to the shelter; at a non-residential shelter, such as at a manufacturing plant, mechanical equipment can impede access. Unstable or poorly secured building elements could potentially block access if a collapse occurs that creates debris piles along the access route or at entrances. A likely scenario is an overhead canopy or large overhang that lacks the capacity to withstand blast effects collapses over the entranceway. The inclusion of these elements should be seriously considered when designing access points in shelters. 1.7.3 americans with disabilities act (ada) The needs of persons with disabilities requiring shelter space should be considered. The appropriate access for persons with disabilities must be provided in accordance with all Federal, state, and local ADA requirements and ordinances. If the minimum requirements dictate only one ADA-compliant access point for the shelter, the design professional should consider providing a second ADA-compliant access point for use in the event that the primary access point is blocked or inoperable. Additional guidance for compliance with the ADA can be found in many privately produced publications. The design professional can ensure that the operations plan developed for the shelter adheres to requirements of the ADA by assisting the owner/operator of the shelter in the development of the plan. All shelters should be managed with an design considerations 1-3
operations and maintenance plan. Developing a sound operations plan is extremely important if compliance with ADA at the shelter site requires the use of lifts, elevators, ramps, or other considerations for shelters that are not directly accessible to non-ambulatory persons. 1.7.4 special needs The use of the shelter also needs to be considered in the design. Occupancy classifications, life safety code, and ADA requirements may dictate the design of such elements as door opening sizes and number of doors, but use of the shelter by hospitals, nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and other special needs groups may affect access requirements to the shelter. For example, basic requirements are outlined in the IBC and NFPA 101 and 5000 regarding the provision of uninterruptible power supplies for life support equipment (e.g., oxygen) for patients in hospitals and other health care facilities. NFPA 99, Standard for Healthcare Facilities, specifies details on subjects such as the type, class, and duration of power supplies necessary for critical life support equipment. In addition, it also details the design, arrangement, and configuration of medical gas piping systems, alarms, and networks. In addition, strict requirements concerning issues such as egress, emergency lighting, and detection-alarm-communication systems are presented in Chapter 10 of the IBC and in NFPA 101, 2006 Edition, Chapters 18 and 19, for health care occupancies. The egress requirements for travel distances, door widths, and locking devices on doors for health care occupancies are more restrictive than those for an assembly occupancy classification in non-health care facilities based on the model building codes for non-health care facilities. Additional requirements also exist for health care facilities that address automatic fire doors, maximum allowable room sizes, and maximum allowable distances to egress points. The combination of all these requirements could lead to the construction of multiple small shelters in a health care facility rather than one large shelter. 1-38 design considerations
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Risk Management Series Design Guida
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Any opinions, findings, conclusions
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This guidance focuses on safe rooms
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protect occupants until law enforce
Page 9 and 10: of best practices (based on current
Page 11 and 12: Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
Page 13 and 14: 1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
Page 15 and 16: 2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
Page 17 and 18: 4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
Page 19 and 20: FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
Page 21 and 22: Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
Page 23 and 24: chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
Page 25 and 26: in response to the manmade CBRE thr
Page 27 and 28: decides not to chance fate and cons
Page 29 and 30: Although operational security measu
Page 31 and 32: Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
Page 35 and 36: odorless. Their effects occur mainl
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1-3 radioactive materials sm
Page 39 and 40: Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
Page 41 and 42: Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
Page 43 and 44: m It is partially shielded by the s
Page 45 and 46: m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
Page 47 and 48: structure or a new structure to be
Page 49 and 50: m Territoriality (promotes a sense
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1- examples of internal shel
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
Page 55 and 56: loading depending upon the building
Page 57 and 58: model building codes all have provi
Page 59: Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
Page 63 and 64: For tornado shelters, the most crit
Page 65 and 66: Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
Page 67 and 68: every building should have an emerg
Page 69 and 70: Three methods are followed for the
Page 71 and 72: partitions for areas of about 12,00
Page 73 and 74: the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
Page 75 and 76: Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
Page 77 and 78: Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
Page 79 and 80: Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
Page 81 and 82: Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
Page 84 and 85: 2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
Page 86 and 87: affect the hazard potential of the
Page 88 and 89: 2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
Page 90 and 91: As an example, panelized constructi
Page 92 and 93: 2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
Page 94 and 95: Protective design further requires
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Page 100 and 101: façade materials intact and attach
Page 102 and 103: 2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
Page 104 and 105: Blast-resistant detailing requires
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In order for the glazing to realize
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precast panels, the spacing of the
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to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
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without any means of attachment or
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polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
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Rigid catch bar systems were design
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stainless steel cables connected wi
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Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
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Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
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2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
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Shearwalls consist of straight or d
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Light wood frame structures do not
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eam column joints, all member stres
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Steel moment frame structures provi
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Steel frames with infill masonry wa
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esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
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to provide ductile performance. The
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Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
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Precast concrete frames and shearwa
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uilding. Locating the shelter in th
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Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
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damage in response to 500 pounds of
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Floor slabs within an interior stai
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3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
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m Class 2. This class also includes
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may be necessary for people to occu
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3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
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interior room is preferable to a ro
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m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
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Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
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enclosure subjected to wind and buo
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Many models of these indoor air pur
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designing and building ultra-high e
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Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
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3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
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m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
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Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
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m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
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3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
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have been appropriately placed to p
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m To develop an understanding of th
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CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
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Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
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Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
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address system or the single-switch
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the Homeland security digital Libra
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the national Fire Protection associ
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From established reporting mechanis
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An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
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m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
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dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
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The 48 seconds do not include the t
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Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m In the initial phase (hours and d
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designated. The following is a list
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m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
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4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
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Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
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Toilets would be needed by the occu
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4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
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FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
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4.9 training and inFormation Employ
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
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Federal Emergency Management Agency
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Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
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Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
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Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
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Addresses workplace vulnerability t
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State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
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Management (2003) http://floridadis
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UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
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C CA California C&C components and
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F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
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J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
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O O.C. on center OG outer garments
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U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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