FEMA 453 Design Guidance for Shelters and Safe Rooms

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m Food and water contamination. Some pathogenic organisms and toxins may persist in food and water supplies. Most microbes can be killed, and toxins deactivated, by cooking food and boiling water. Person-to-person spread of a few infectious agents is also possible. Humans have been the source of infection for smallpox, plague, and the Lassa viruses. Figure 1-2 sample anthrax letter source: FBi terrorisM 2000/2001 PuBLication #308 1.2.2.3 Radiological Attacks. Shelters described in this manual do not address the severe and various effects generated by nuclear events, including blinding light, intense heat (thermal radiation), initial nuclear radiation, blast, fires started by the heat pulse, and secondary fires caused by the destruction. Protection against these severe effects of a nuclear explosion is not considered in this manual. Terrorist use of a radiological dispersion device (RDD), often called ”dirty nuke” or “dirty bomb,” is considered far more likely than use of a nuclear device. These radiological weapons are a combination of conventional explosives and radioactive material designed to scatter dangerous and sublethal amounts of radioactive material over a general area. Such radiological weapons design considerations anthrax spores formulated as a white powder were mailed to individuals in the Federal government and media in the fall of 2001. Postal sorting machines and the opening of letters dispersed the spores as aerosols. several deaths resulted. the effect was to disrupt mail service and to cause a widespread fear of handling delivered mail among the public. 1-13
Figure 1-3 radioactive materials smuggling source: internationaL atoMic energy agency appeal to terrorists because they require very little technical knowledge to build and deploy compared to that of a nuclear device. Also, these radioactive materials, used widely in medicine, agriculture, industry, and research, are much more readily available and easy to obtain compared to weapons grade uranium or plutonium. Figure 1-3 shows the number of incidents of radioactive materials smuggling from 1993 to 2003. There is no way of knowing how much warning time there would be before an attack by a terrorist using a radiological weapon. A surprise attack remains a possibility. 1-14 design considerations
Page 1 and 2: Risk Management Series Design Guida
Page 3 and 4: Any opinions, findings, conclusions
Page 5 and 6: This guidance focuses on safe rooms
Page 7 and 8: protect occupants until law enforce
Page 9 and 10: of best practices (based on current
Page 11 and 12: Project Advisory Panel: Ronald Bark
Page 13 and 14: 1.7.1.1. Tornado.or.Short-term.Shel
Page 15 and 16: 2.6.6. RM1.and.RM2.Reinforced.Mason
Page 17 and 18: 4.5. Community.Shelter.Operations.P
Page 19 and 20: FIgUREs chapter 1 Figure.1-1.. Terr
Page 21 and 22: Figure.2-16.. Spray-on.elastomer.co
Page 23 and 24: chapter 4 Figure.4-1.. Preparedness
Page 25 and 26: in response to the manmade CBRE thr
Page 27 and 28: decides not to chance fate and cons
Page 29 and 30: Although operational security measu
Page 31 and 32: Table 1-2: Safe Evacuation Distance
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1-1 terrorism by event 1980
Page 35: odorless. Their effects occur mainl
Page 39 and 40: Table 1-3: Correlation of ISC Level
Page 41 and 42: Table 1-4: ISC CBR Levels of Protec
Page 43 and 44: m It is partially shielded by the s
Page 45 and 46: m Single-use shelters. Single-use s
Page 47 and 48: structure or a new structure to be
Page 49 and 50: m Territoriality (promotes a sense
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1- examples of internal shel
Page 53 and 54: Figure 1-9 examples of internal she
Page 55 and 56: loading depending upon the building
Page 57 and 58: model building codes all have provi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 1-10 national Weather servic
Page 61 and 62: operations and maintenance plan. De
Page 63 and 64: For tornado shelters, the most crit
Page 65 and 66: Reference Standard 6-1 Photolumines
Page 67 and 68: every building should have an emerg
Page 69 and 70: Three methods are followed for the
Page 71 and 72: partitions for areas of about 12,00
Page 73 and 74: the 2006 editions of nFPa 101, Life
Page 75 and 76: Figure 1-13 operations Zones, casua
Page 77 and 78: Figure 1-1 nrP-cis emergency decont
Page 79 and 80: Figure 1-1 example of Pentagon stag
Page 81 and 82: Figure 1-19 site and evidence colle
Page 84 and 85: 2.1 OVerVieW Structural deSign crit
Page 86 and 87:
affect the hazard potential of the
Page 88 and 89:
2.2.1 Blast effects in low-rise Bui
Page 90 and 91:
As an example, panelized constructi
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2.3 hardened cOnStructiOn 2.3.1 Str
Page 94 and 95:
Protective design further requires
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deformed, and transfer them to the
Page 98 and 99:
pressures, such that they overcome
Page 100 and 101:
façade materials intact and attach
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2.4 neW cOnStructiOn The design of
Page 104 and 105:
Blast-resistant detailing requires
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the slab, the slab reinforcement mu
Page 108 and 109:
spacing of 16 inches that extends i
Page 110 and 111:
In order for the glazing to realize
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precast panels, the spacing of the
Page 114 and 115:
to a column or a vehicle-borne expl
Page 116 and 117:
without any means of attachment or
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polycarbonate glazing can be mixed
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Rigid catch bar systems were design
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stainless steel cables connected wi
Page 124 and 125:
Alternatively, an unreinforced maso
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Figure 2- 9 Metal stud blast wall I
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2.5.3 checklist for retrofitting is
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Shearwalls consist of straight or d
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Light wood frame structures do not
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eam column joints, all member stres
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Steel moment frame structures provi
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Steel frames with infill masonry wa
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esponse to 500 pounds of TNT at a s
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to provide ductile performance. The
Page 144 and 145:
Unless sited in a seismic zone, con
Page 146 and 147:
Precast concrete frames and shearwa
Page 148 and 149:
uilding. Locating the shelter in th
Page 150 and 151:
Unreinforced load-bearing masonry b
Page 152 and 153:
damage in response to 500 pounds of
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Floor slabs within an interior stai
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3.1 oVeRVieW This chapter describes
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m Class 2. This class also includes
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may be necessary for people to occu
Page 162 and 163:
3.3 SaFe RooM CRiTeRia This section
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interior room is preferable to a ro
Page 166 and 167:
m Penetrations. Measures for reduci
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 3- hinged covers facilitate
Page 170 and 171:
enclosure subjected to wind and buo
Page 172 and 173:
Many models of these indoor air pur
Page 174 and 175:
designing and building ultra-high e
Page 176 and 177:
Table 3-2: Leakage per Square Foot
Page 178 and 179:
3.5 opeRaTionS anD MainTenanCe For
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m Turn on a radio or TV in the safe
Page 182 and 183:
Tape, plastic, and carbon dioxide d
Page 184 and 185:
m Isolation dampers. Correct damper
Page 186 and 187:
3.7 CoMMiSSioninG a CLaSS 1 CBR SaF
Page 188 and 189:
have been appropriately placed to p
Page 190 and 191:
m To develop an understanding of th
Page 192 and 193:
CBR ThReaT pRoTeCTion Figure 3- Tas
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Task 4. Determine How Much Filtered
Page 196 and 197:
Pre-heat Coil Module. This module c
Page 198:
address system or the single-switch
Page 201 and 202:
the Homeland security digital Libra
Page 203 and 204:
the national Fire Protection associ
Page 205 and 206:
From established reporting mechanis
Page 207 and 208:
An Emergency Operations Center (EOC
Page 209 and 210:
m Weapons of Mass Destruction-Civil
Page 211 and 212:
dHs/FEma and the office for domesti
Page 213 and 214:
The 48 seconds do not include the t
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 4-5 High-rise buildings and
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m In the initial phase (hours and d
Page 219 and 220:
designated. The following is a list
Page 221 and 222:
m Coordinating shelter evacuation p
Page 223 and 224:
4.5.5 notification manager The Noti
Page 225 and 226:
Table 4-1: Shelter Equipment and Su
Page 227 and 228:
Toilets would be needed by the occu
Page 229 and 230:
4.5.8.7 Emergency Equipment Credenz
Page 231 and 232:
FEma’s United states Fire adminis
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4.7.3 event safety procedures The f
Page 235 and 236:
4.9 training and inFormation Employ
Page 237 and 238:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearm
Page 239 and 240:
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Page 241 and 242:
Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The
Page 243 and 244:
Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineeri
Page 245 and 246:
Corps of Engineers Guide Specificat
Page 247 and 248:
Addresses workplace vulnerability t
Page 249 and 250:
State of Florida Shelter Plan, Flor
Page 251 and 252:
Management (2003) http://floridadis
Page 253 and 254:
UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulat
Page 255 and 256:
C CA California C&C components and
Page 257 and 258:
F FBI Federal Bureau of Investigati
Page 259 and 260:
J JFO Joint Field Office K kb kilob
Page 261 and 262:
O O.C. on center OG outer garments
Page 263:
U UBC Building Code UCRL University
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