Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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Samnites. 347 Dionysius's passage, an imaginative speech by Roman soldiers stationed in Capua during the Samnite wars, offers a similar picture: the Campani, guests of the Etruscans, betrayed their hosts, slew the men of the city and took their wives, houses, cities and lands. 348 As background we could imagine the migration of small groups of Samnites from the Central Apennines, who were accepted into the Capuan urban community or settled in Capuan territory, and lived together with or under the dominant Etruscan element for a certain period of time, until they became numerous enough to take control, whether peacefully or by force. A terminus ante quern is provided by the agreement of the ancient sources that in 421/0 BC the Samnite Campani attacked Curnae with a strong army. 349 The city was looted, the citizens were reduced into slavery, and many were killed. The use of the word Cainpanus in Greek and Latin sources is complex. First, the substantive (and hence adjective) Campanus in the overwhelming majority of the ancient sources refers to the inhabitants of the city of Capua and its civic territory, the ager Campanus. 350 Other cities of the region, Naples, Nola and Nuceria, were independent communities and the substantive did not apply to them. There is a strong relation between the name of Capua and the substantive Campanus: coins struck between 415 and 405 BC show the legends KAMIIANO, KAIIIIANOE, KAIIIIANOI and KAMIIANOE, while those minted during the Second Punic War 346 Diod. Sic. 12.31.1. 347 Livy 4.37.1. 348 Dion. Hal. 15.3.4. 349 Livy 4.44.12; Dion. Hal. 12.76.4. 350 Livy 7.30.6: `We Campanians, ..., are inferior neither in the splendour of our city, nor yet in the fertility of our soil, to any people.. '; 7.30.19,7.31.11; and numerous other examples, Vell. Pat. 1.1. 14. and Val. Max. 5.1.5. The passage in Diod. Sic. (12.31.1, studied later) which mentions the foundation of the `Campani nation' clearly refers to the city of Capua.. Strabo also uses the ethnic in the same way: Strabo 5.4.13. For a similar argument see Rutter (1971) 55-61, especially 59-61. 102
show KAI-IV . 351 Furthermore, the ethnic also appears as kapu in Oscan inscriptions dating from the third century BC. 352 Capua was perhaps originally called Campua, which might have rapidly changed in Greek and Oscan to Capua. Second, the Cainpani appear in the accounts of the Latin, Samnite and Hannibalic wars, possibly to denote the army of a population larger than that of the civic territory of the city of Capua, perhaps members of a military alliance. Third, the name Campania appears in Greek and Roman writers from the second century BC to denote the geographical region, including coastal as well as inland cities. 353 Apart from Capua, several other Campanian communities minted coins in the period between 420 and 380 BC. The following ethnics appear on coins: Cumae, Neapolis, Hyria, Nola, Fistelia, Allifae and Fenserni. Cumae, Neapolis, Nola, Capua and Allifae were independent urban-based communities, but the locations of Hyria, Fistelia and the Fenserni are unknown. The vast majority of the coins of these communities bear a man-faced bull as reverse type with wide variations of themes on their obverses. Rutter established die-transferences between the coins of Capua and those of Cumae and Neapolis, which were two well-known centres of minting during the fifth century BC. 354 Rutter argued that the Samnite occupation of Cumae resulted in the decrease of its coin output and later probably the transferral of its mint to Naples around 420 BC, as changes in the Neapolitan iconography of that period suggest. 355 It is therefore probable that the coins were minted at Naples for Capua. Rutter also found that the Capuan coinage shared dies with most of the coins of other 351 Frederiksen (1984) 138; Rutter (2001) nr. 476-8 and 479-510. 352 ST Cp 33,34 and 35. They will be studied in section 3.3. 353 Diod. Sic. 16.90.2 or Livy 8.1.9 just to mention a few. 354 Rutter (1979) 82. 355 Rutter (1979) 96. 103
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Leadership among the Samnites and r
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Acknowledgements I am most thankful
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2.4. Administrative institutions ..
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6.6.1. Bronze coins with the legend
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Abbreviations Bu = Buck, C. D., A G
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Chapter 2 looks at what the account
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unification of Italy and the growth
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was qualified by the place-name of
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dictatorship of the Latin states. 1
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narrowed the meaning of touta down
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tuticus was consequently an urban o
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2.1. Introduction Chapter 2. Highla
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century BC and the Social War. 53 F
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esurrected by the Pentri in second
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their country, the Romans decided t
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princeps. 77 The titles imperator a
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that he had captured Taurasia, Cisa
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that the Romans had rebuilt the des
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Beneventum, in the upper valleys of
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the name of the place to Italia. He
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2.2.5. Voting tribes and Augustan r
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southernmost part of the fourth reg
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We must, however, ask whether the a
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dated to the end of the fourth or b
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heartland as being heavily fortifie
Page 51 and 52: Remains of buildings and associated
Page 53 and 54: were scattered over the area of the
Page 55 and 56: the hill fort of Monte Pallano in t
Page 57 and 58: the region. 183 Livy uses the term
Page 59 and 60: and the Sangro valley. Aufidena was
Page 61 and 62: Samnium, partly because the visible
Page 63 and 64: Another surge in building activity
Page 65 and 66: site was abandoned after the war. O
Page 67 and 68: It is generally accepted that the w
Page 69 and 70: Vestini and Paeligni. Some of the p
Page 71 and 72: i still left with the question of w
Page 73 and 74: three stamps in which the name of t
Page 75 and 76: second Stabidinus is plausibly the
Page 77 and 78: the first half of the second centur
Page 79 and 80: pak(is). staiis. 1(üvkieis). m(edd
Page 81 and 82: .ý -ý: ordered or approved by a c
Page 83 and 84: pürtam. liis[eis az2 pü]d safinim
Page 85 and 86: the Samnites during the Samnite and
Page 87 and 88: Marcus Lamponius (App., B. C. 1.42.
Page 89 and 90: Table 4: The Staii as meddices tuti
Page 91 and 92: produced a magister for the Samnite
Page 93 and 94: 2.6. Conclusions Literary accounts
Page 95: fort of Roccagloriosa and some hill
Page 98 and 99: Although they suggest that the medd
Page 100 and 101: Capua is preserved in Stephanus Byz
Page 104 and 105: Campanian issues as well, thus sugg
Page 106 and 107: BC, after the final defeat of the L
Page 108 and 109: supervise the introduction of new r
Page 110 and 111: settled in 334 BC. 379 But the Fale
Page 112 and 113: Litemum and Puteoli in 194 BC; 392
Page 114 and 115: Bantina, an Oscan constitution, is
Page 116 and 117: undermined, however, by several fac
Page 118 and 119: We have twenty-six iüvilas inscrip
Page 120 and 121: same structure: the name or names o
Page 122 and 123: [These three are the iüvilas] of P
Page 124 and 125: inscriptions ST Cp 27,29, and 30, a
Page 126 and 127: The inscription ST Cp 32 suggests t
Page 128 and 129: ekluva[tiium] 2diuvia. [is] 3damu[s
Page 130 and 131: ST Cp 19, Ve 93, Co 112, FdB 1, He
Page 132 and 133: Sulpicius Rufus to be built at publ
Page 134 and 135: Triphius Virrius, were probably put
Page 136 and 137: Etruscan gens Ane. 486 Heurgon, cit
Page 138 and 139: were established in the city, but t
Page 140 and 141: The main source of information for
Page 142 and 143: 4.1. Introduction Chapter 4. Cumae
Page 144 and 145: It is difficult to know where exact
Page 146 and 147: earlier Greek agora, the later foru
Page 148 and 149: still contained Greek elements. 533
Page 150 and 151: Although Sgobbo's reading of the wo
Page 152 and 153:
own magistrates, but was represente
Page 154 and 155:
Modern interpretations of the expre
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Rix's argument is unconvincing. Fir
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Cumae and Pompeii. These cities, al
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the name of the town. 566 Justin, w
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Rome and Naples. 577 One may doubt,
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Nola, Naples and Cumae in 216 BC 58
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with the late period of the Hyrina
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5.4.1. Magistrates at Nola and Abel
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Romans held censuses every five yea
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Pacius Calavius son of Pacius m. d.
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written out in full. Rather, I thin
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amnüd. puz. idik. sakara[klüm] in
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Side B Lines 23-26: But the Nolans.
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name and his office (all dative sin
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a number of scholars, I do not beli
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Out of the three gens names of the
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towns. Literary sources mention dis
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1. He argued that the expression r6
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investigated whether this ethnic re
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mentioned by Thucydides, who says t
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the wars ended with the town being
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and from the Labican' 684 Beloch no
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fighting on several fronts, in Apul
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admission, so they made their way t
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loose federation of settlements he
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Pompeianus and guaestor Pompeianus.
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late third, early ST Po 1 Caratelli
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v(iibis). püpidiis. v(iibieis). me
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possibility is that they are the ow
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fragmentary inscriptions, Ve 9 and
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supply uninterrupted and to give ga
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appears on the altar found in templ
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6.3.5. Other institutions It is als
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1. ST Po 34, Ve 23, Co 60, Bu 14, P
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urubla[nu. ant. tiu]rri. 7mefira. f
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meaning `goings'. He supposed that
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the Latin noun fama, with the meani
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4. ST Po 43, Ve 30b, Co 71, Zvetaie
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since the programmata were not noti
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quinquennalis or quaestor. Mommsen
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makes sense only if they were votin
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of the town. Maraeus Atranus son of
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Numerous nomina gentilicia of magis
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6.5. Meddices of Minerva A unique i
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of Mefitis and Privati of Stabiae,
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Most of the coins with the legend a
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6.6.2. Silver and bronze coins from
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story, recorded in local traditions
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supposed confederation the members
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structures. 848 The known instituti
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they were probably filled by electi
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title. My investigation has led to
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emarkably wider than in the Greek w
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In chapters three to six, I have su
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Antonini, R., `Campani', Studi Etru
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Bonghi Jovino, M., La necopoliprero
Page 266 and 267:
Campanile, E., `Note sulla defixio
Page 268 and 269:
Cebeillac-Gervasoni M., 'Italia: Re
Page 270 and 271:
Crawford, M. H., Coinage and money
Page 272 and 273:
De Benedittis, G., 'Sannio (CB): pi
Page 274 and 275:
Di Niro, A., `Cercemaggiore-Gildone
Page 276 and 277:
Gabba, E., L'Italia romana (Como, 1
Page 278 and 279:
Guzzo, P. G. 'L'identitä contradit
Page 280 and 281:
Joseph, B. D., 'Oscan slaagi-', Glo
Page 282 and 283:
Larsen, J. A. 0, Greek Federal Stat
Page 284 and 285:
Lloyd, J. A. Rathbone, D. W. `A Cla
Page 286 and 287:
Mau, A., `Die oskischen Wegweiserin
Page 288 and 289:
Onorato, G. 0., `Pompei municipium
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italica, Atli del convegno della So
Page 292 and 293:
Salerno', Nuceria Alfaterna e il su
Page 294 and 295:
Sgobbo, I., `Gli Etruschi in Pompei
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Thomsen, R., The Italic Regions fro
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Maps 298
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zr Cl `>iyo N"i Q"_; Zö...........
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1r ý, 'ýý 1. ýý}: ýýý ýi l
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A ö 0 a a v a t 0 a 0 N t O CL n°
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Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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