Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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urubla[nu. ant. tiu]rri. 7mefira. faa{m}mant. 81(üvkis). püpid(iis). 1(üvkieis). m(a)r(a(hi)s). puril(liis). mr From this amvi[anud eituns ] are so that [ the public house ?] and the Mi[dway (? ) and the tower]s be defended, which are to the left of the Ga[te Urublan]u. [From that place to the le]ft of the Urbulanu gate to the Mefira tower faamant Lucius Popidius son of Lucius (and) Maraeus Purellius son of Maraeus. All these eituns dipinti follow the same structure. 746 They begin with the expression eksuk amvianud, followed by the word eituns and a location usually defined by turri (tower) or veru (gate), then the only verb faam(m)at (or -ant), and at the end a personal name or names. The inscriptions were crudely painted in red lettering directly onto walls, whether brick or stone. Some were later covered with stucco when the buildings were redecorated, which helped to preserve them. The palaeographic similarities of the dipinti suggest that they were painted by the same hand. They were painted in prominent locations and set high above the ground (higher than the electoral inscriptions). Mommsen and Conway argued that the dipinti were advertisements of some kind, while Campanile put forward the idea that they were electoral notices datable to the first century AD. 747 Conway believed that the eftuns dipinti date from the first century AD because their preservation is so good. These views were superseded by the arguments for interpreting the dipinti in the context of defending the town during the Social War. 746 Prosdocimi (1978) 875. 747 For Mommsen and Conway see Conway (1897) 70; Campanile (1996) 375. 222
Pompeii appears in Appian's list of Italic peoples who revolted from Rome during the Social War. 748 The troops of Sulla began to lay siege to the town in April 89 BC, which probably surrendered in the autumn of the same year. 749 Sulla punished the community for revolting by establishing a Roman colony, the Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum, under the leadership of his nephew, P. Cornelius Sulla. These historical events have influenced the dating of the inscriptions. It is certain that the establishment of the colony resulted in the introduction of Latin as the official language in Pompeii. The year 80 BC is therefore the tenninus ante quem. It has been suggested that inscriptions were painted on the eve of the, siege of 89 BC, because this is the only significant military event of the period we know about. However, the period from the Social War down to the establishment of the Roman colony was very insecure in the whole of Italy, as Mouritsen notes. 750 The inscriptions therefore could have been painted at any time between 90 and 80 BC. The fact that they were painted indicates that they were intended to last only for a short period of time, so we might expect them to relate to the last military threat faced by Oscan-speaking Pompeii. I turn now to the problem of translation of the expressions amvianud (abl. sing), eituns and faam(m)a(n)t. Most scholars take eituns in a military context. Nissen interpreted it as itus or iter, `way', and argued that the dipinti were set up for allied soldiers to help them to find their way to their posts, perhaps among barricades. 751 This view was rejected both by Ribezzo and Buck. 752 Buck believed that e{tuns should be rendered in Latin as eunto, an imperative, meaning `they must proceed'. 753 Later Buck modified his view and suggested that eftuns relates to a verbal noun, *eit or *ei-to, 748 App. B. Civ. 1.39 and 50. 749 Oros. 5.18.22-3, Ve11. Pat. 2.16.2. 750 Mouritsen (1988) 85. 751 Nissen (1877) 498-9. 752 Ribezzo (1917) 55-63; Buck (1922) 111-8. 223
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Leadership among the Samnites and r
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Acknowledgements I am most thankful
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2.4. Administrative institutions ..
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6.6.1. Bronze coins with the legend
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Abbreviations Bu = Buck, C. D., A G
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Chapter 2 looks at what the account
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unification of Italy and the growth
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was qualified by the place-name of
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dictatorship of the Latin states. 1
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narrowed the meaning of touta down
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tuticus was consequently an urban o
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2.1. Introduction Chapter 2. Highla
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century BC and the Social War. 53 F
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esurrected by the Pentri in second
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their country, the Romans decided t
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princeps. 77 The titles imperator a
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that he had captured Taurasia, Cisa
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that the Romans had rebuilt the des
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Beneventum, in the upper valleys of
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the name of the place to Italia. He
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2.2.5. Voting tribes and Augustan r
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southernmost part of the fourth reg
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We must, however, ask whether the a
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dated to the end of the fourth or b
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heartland as being heavily fortifie
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Remains of buildings and associated
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were scattered over the area of the
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the hill fort of Monte Pallano in t
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the region. 183 Livy uses the term
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and the Sangro valley. Aufidena was
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Samnium, partly because the visible
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Another surge in building activity
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site was abandoned after the war. O
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It is generally accepted that the w
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Vestini and Paeligni. Some of the p
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i still left with the question of w
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three stamps in which the name of t
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second Stabidinus is plausibly the
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the first half of the second centur
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pak(is). staiis. 1(üvkieis). m(edd
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.ý -ý: ordered or approved by a c
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pürtam. liis[eis az2 pü]d safinim
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the Samnites during the Samnite and
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Marcus Lamponius (App., B. C. 1.42.
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Table 4: The Staii as meddices tuti
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produced a magister for the Samnite
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2.6. Conclusions Literary accounts
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fort of Roccagloriosa and some hill
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Although they suggest that the medd
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Capua is preserved in Stephanus Byz
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Samnites. 347 Dionysius's passage,
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Campanian issues as well, thus sugg
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BC, after the final defeat of the L
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supervise the introduction of new r
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settled in 334 BC. 379 But the Fale
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Litemum and Puteoli in 194 BC; 392
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Bantina, an Oscan constitution, is
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undermined, however, by several fac
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We have twenty-six iüvilas inscrip
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same structure: the name or names o
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[These three are the iüvilas] of P
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inscriptions ST Cp 27,29, and 30, a
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The inscription ST Cp 32 suggests t
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ekluva[tiium] 2diuvia. [is] 3damu[s
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ST Cp 19, Ve 93, Co 112, FdB 1, He
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Sulpicius Rufus to be built at publ
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Triphius Virrius, were probably put
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Etruscan gens Ane. 486 Heurgon, cit
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were established in the city, but t
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The main source of information for
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4.1. Introduction Chapter 4. Cumae
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It is difficult to know where exact
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earlier Greek agora, the later foru
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still contained Greek elements. 533
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Although Sgobbo's reading of the wo
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own magistrates, but was represente
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Modern interpretations of the expre
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Rix's argument is unconvincing. Fir
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Cumae and Pompeii. These cities, al
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the name of the town. 566 Justin, w
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Rome and Naples. 577 One may doubt,
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Nola, Naples and Cumae in 216 BC 58
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with the late period of the Hyrina
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5.4.1. Magistrates at Nola and Abel
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Romans held censuses every five yea
Page 172 and 173: Pacius Calavius son of Pacius m. d.
Page 174 and 175: written out in full. Rather, I thin
Page 176 and 177: amnüd. puz. idik. sakara[klüm] in
Page 178 and 179: Side B Lines 23-26: But the Nolans.
Page 180 and 181: name and his office (all dative sin
Page 182 and 183: a number of scholars, I do not beli
Page 184 and 185: Out of the three gens names of the
Page 186 and 187: towns. Literary sources mention dis
Page 188 and 189: 1. He argued that the expression r6
Page 190 and 191: investigated whether this ethnic re
Page 192 and 193: mentioned by Thucydides, who says t
Page 194 and 195: the wars ended with the town being
Page 196 and 197: and from the Labican' 684 Beloch no
Page 198 and 199: fighting on several fronts, in Apul
Page 200 and 201: admission, so they made their way t
Page 202 and 203: loose federation of settlements he
Page 204 and 205: Pompeianus and guaestor Pompeianus.
Page 206 and 207: late third, early ST Po 1 Caratelli
Page 208 and 209: v(iibis). püpidiis. v(iibieis). me
Page 210 and 211: possibility is that they are the ow
Page 212 and 213: fragmentary inscriptions, Ve 9 and
Page 214 and 215: supply uninterrupted and to give ga
Page 216 and 217: appears on the altar found in templ
Page 218 and 219: 6.3.5. Other institutions It is als
Page 220 and 221: 1. ST Po 34, Ve 23, Co 60, Bu 14, P
Page 224 and 225: meaning `goings'. He supposed that
Page 226 and 227: the Latin noun fama, with the meani
Page 228 and 229: 4. ST Po 43, Ve 30b, Co 71, Zvetaie
Page 230 and 231: since the programmata were not noti
Page 232 and 233: quinquennalis or quaestor. Mommsen
Page 234 and 235: makes sense only if they were votin
Page 236 and 237: of the town. Maraeus Atranus son of
Page 238 and 239: Numerous nomina gentilicia of magis
Page 240 and 241: 6.5. Meddices of Minerva A unique i
Page 242 and 243: of Mefitis and Privati of Stabiae,
Page 244 and 245: Most of the coins with the legend a
Page 246 and 247: 6.6.2. Silver and bronze coins from
Page 248 and 249: story, recorded in local traditions
Page 250 and 251: supposed confederation the members
Page 252 and 253: structures. 848 The known instituti
Page 254 and 255: they were probably filled by electi
Page 256 and 257: title. My investigation has led to
Page 258 and 259: emarkably wider than in the Greek w
Page 260 and 261: In chapters three to six, I have su
Page 262 and 263: Antonini, R., `Campani', Studi Etru
Page 264 and 265: Bonghi Jovino, M., La necopoliprero
Page 266 and 267: Campanile, E., `Note sulla defixio
Page 268 and 269: Cebeillac-Gervasoni M., 'Italia: Re
Page 270 and 271: Crawford, M. H., Coinage and money
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De Benedittis, G., 'Sannio (CB): pi
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Di Niro, A., `Cercemaggiore-Gildone
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Gabba, E., L'Italia romana (Como, 1
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Guzzo, P. G. 'L'identitä contradit
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Joseph, B. D., 'Oscan slaagi-', Glo
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Larsen, J. A. 0, Greek Federal Stat
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Lloyd, J. A. Rathbone, D. W. `A Cla
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Mau, A., `Die oskischen Wegweiserin
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Onorato, G. 0., `Pompei municipium
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italica, Atli del convegno della So
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Salerno', Nuceria Alfaterna e il su
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Sgobbo, I., `Gli Etruschi in Pompei
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Thomsen, R., The Italic Regions fro
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Maps 298
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zr Cl `>iyo N"i Q"_; Zö...........
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1r ý, 'ýý 1. ýý}: ýýý ýi l
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A ö 0 a a v a t 0 a 0 N t O CL n°
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Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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