Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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spear (oauviov) can be seen at the centre of a laurel crown. On the reverse, next to the legend, the veiled head of a woman appears. Cantilena argued that the legend and iconography of the coins suggest that they were minted at Tarentum for the Samnites, and ancient sources confirm friendly relations between the Samnites and the Tarentines from the first half of the fourth century BC. It is likely that the coins were minted for the allied ethnic Samnite forces possibly during the First or Second Samnite War. 62 The small number of the coins suggests that they were probably used for the payment of soldiers during the Samnite wars rather than playing a part in economic relations. Livy and Dionysius of Halicamassus very sporadically refer to various Samnite councils during the Samnite wars. Livy mentions a concilium on three occasions. Under the year 343 BC, the Campani complained about Samnite incursions into their territory and allegedly surrendered to Rome in order to obtain Rome's protection. The Romans sent legates to the concilium Samnilium and asked them to stop devastating the territories of the Campani. 63 The concilium decided to continue the attacks. This event led to war between Rome and the Samnites, the conflict which is generally called the First Samnite war. Under the year 322 BC, Livy mentions that the Samnites discussed omnibus conciliis, in all their councils, who was responsible for the Samnite defeat by the Romans. 64 They decided that Brutulus Papius had broken the previous truce and that this had led to the disaster. They therefore ordered the praetors to pass a decree to hand Papius over to Rome. In this passage, Livy implies that a number of councils existed. A concilium is mentioned under the year 298 BC. 65 Following complaints of the Lucanians that the Samnites were devastating 62 Rutter (2001) 60, nr. 446. Cantilena (1996) 63-5. 63 Livy 7.3 1.11. 64 Livy 8.39.10. 65 Livy 10.12.2: 'si quod adissent in Samnio concilium, ' 28
their country, the Romans decided to form an alliance with the Lucanians and sent fetials to the Samnites. The fetials met Samnite messengers on their way, who warned them that if they went before the conciliunz they would not leave unharmed. Livy also mentions a consilium. 66 Herennius Pontius, the aged father of Gaius Pontius, is carried to the consilium to advise the Samnite leaders about how they should deal with the Romans trapped in the Caudine Forks. Some scholars have argued that there was an institutional difference between the concilium and this consilium. 67 They argued that the concilium was a general assembly, while the consilium was a council with membership restricted to the military leaders. The consilium, however, appears only once in Livy. It follows the mention of a consilium of the Roman consuls, which suggests that Livy imagined the Samnites to have had a similar institution for their military leaders too. While it is likely that Samnite military leaders took advice, the existence of formal consilium may be doubted. Livy also mentions a coetus Sarnnitium. 68 Spurius Postumius, maker of the Caudine Peace, convinced the Roman senate to surrender him and his fellow soldiers to the Samnites in order to annul their obligation to the treaty. Postumius was taken to the town of Caudium, where he appeared before the coetus Samnitium and the tribunal of Pontius. It could have been a meeting of the Samnite commanders rather than of a permanent council. Dionysius of Halicarnassus twice mentions Samnite councils. In books 17/18, the historian provides us with a partly different picture of the year 298 BC from that given by Livy. 69 After the Samnite devastation of their territory, the Lucanians 66 Livy 9.3.9. 67 Livy 9.3.11: filius aliique principes. Gaius Pontius appears as Imperator and dux as it will be mentioned under the 2.5. Social 61ite and Samnite leaders section. Firpo (1994) 465-6 and Senatore (2006) 37-48. 68 Livy 9.10.8. 69 Dion. Hal. 17/18 1-2. 29
Page 1 and 2: Leadership among the Samnites and r
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements I am most thankful
Page 5 and 6: 2.4. Administrative institutions ..
Page 7 and 8: 6.6.1. Bronze coins with the legend
Page 9 and 10: Abbreviations Bu = Buck, C. D., A G
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 2 looks at what the account
Page 13 and 14: unification of Italy and the growth
Page 15 and 16: was qualified by the place-name of
Page 17 and 18: dictatorship of the Latin states. 1
Page 19 and 20: narrowed the meaning of touta down
Page 21 and 22: tuticus was consequently an urban o
Page 23 and 24: 2.1. Introduction Chapter 2. Highla
Page 25 and 26: century BC and the Social War. 53 F
Page 27: esurrected by the Pentri in second
Page 31 and 32: princeps. 77 The titles imperator a
Page 33 and 34: that he had captured Taurasia, Cisa
Page 35 and 36: that the Romans had rebuilt the des
Page 37 and 38: Beneventum, in the upper valleys of
Page 39 and 40: the name of the place to Italia. He
Page 41 and 42: 2.2.5. Voting tribes and Augustan r
Page 43 and 44: southernmost part of the fourth reg
Page 45 and 46: We must, however, ask whether the a
Page 47 and 48: dated to the end of the fourth or b
Page 49 and 50: heartland as being heavily fortifie
Page 51 and 52: Remains of buildings and associated
Page 53 and 54: were scattered over the area of the
Page 55 and 56: the hill fort of Monte Pallano in t
Page 57 and 58: the region. 183 Livy uses the term
Page 59 and 60: and the Sangro valley. Aufidena was
Page 61 and 62: Samnium, partly because the visible
Page 63 and 64: Another surge in building activity
Page 65 and 66: site was abandoned after the war. O
Page 67 and 68: It is generally accepted that the w
Page 69 and 70: Vestini and Paeligni. Some of the p
Page 71 and 72: i still left with the question of w
Page 73 and 74: three stamps in which the name of t
Page 75 and 76: second Stabidinus is plausibly the
Page 77 and 78: the first half of the second centur
Page 79 and 80:
pak(is). staiis. 1(üvkieis). m(edd
Page 81 and 82:
.ý -ý: ordered or approved by a c
Page 83 and 84:
pürtam. liis[eis az2 pü]d safinim
Page 85 and 86:
the Samnites during the Samnite and
Page 87 and 88:
Marcus Lamponius (App., B. C. 1.42.
Page 89 and 90:
Table 4: The Staii as meddices tuti
Page 91 and 92:
produced a magister for the Samnite
Page 93 and 94:
2.6. Conclusions Literary accounts
Page 95:
fort of Roccagloriosa and some hill
Page 98 and 99:
Although they suggest that the medd
Page 100 and 101:
Capua is preserved in Stephanus Byz
Page 102 and 103:
Samnites. 347 Dionysius's passage,
Page 104 and 105:
Campanian issues as well, thus sugg
Page 106 and 107:
BC, after the final defeat of the L
Page 108 and 109:
supervise the introduction of new r
Page 110 and 111:
settled in 334 BC. 379 But the Fale
Page 112 and 113:
Litemum and Puteoli in 194 BC; 392
Page 114 and 115:
Bantina, an Oscan constitution, is
Page 116 and 117:
undermined, however, by several fac
Page 118 and 119:
We have twenty-six iüvilas inscrip
Page 120 and 121:
same structure: the name or names o
Page 122 and 123:
[These three are the iüvilas] of P
Page 124 and 125:
inscriptions ST Cp 27,29, and 30, a
Page 126 and 127:
The inscription ST Cp 32 suggests t
Page 128 and 129:
ekluva[tiium] 2diuvia. [is] 3damu[s
Page 130 and 131:
ST Cp 19, Ve 93, Co 112, FdB 1, He
Page 132 and 133:
Sulpicius Rufus to be built at publ
Page 134 and 135:
Triphius Virrius, were probably put
Page 136 and 137:
Etruscan gens Ane. 486 Heurgon, cit
Page 138 and 139:
were established in the city, but t
Page 140 and 141:
The main source of information for
Page 142 and 143:
4.1. Introduction Chapter 4. Cumae
Page 144 and 145:
It is difficult to know where exact
Page 146 and 147:
earlier Greek agora, the later foru
Page 148 and 149:
still contained Greek elements. 533
Page 150 and 151:
Although Sgobbo's reading of the wo
Page 152 and 153:
own magistrates, but was represente
Page 154 and 155:
Modern interpretations of the expre
Page 156 and 157:
Rix's argument is unconvincing. Fir
Page 158 and 159:
Cumae and Pompeii. These cities, al
Page 160 and 161:
the name of the town. 566 Justin, w
Page 162 and 163:
Rome and Naples. 577 One may doubt,
Page 164 and 165:
Nola, Naples and Cumae in 216 BC 58
Page 166 and 167:
with the late period of the Hyrina
Page 168 and 169:
5.4.1. Magistrates at Nola and Abel
Page 170 and 171:
Romans held censuses every five yea
Page 172 and 173:
Pacius Calavius son of Pacius m. d.
Page 174 and 175:
written out in full. Rather, I thin
Page 176 and 177:
amnüd. puz. idik. sakara[klüm] in
Page 178 and 179:
Side B Lines 23-26: But the Nolans.
Page 180 and 181:
name and his office (all dative sin
Page 182 and 183:
a number of scholars, I do not beli
Page 184 and 185:
Out of the three gens names of the
Page 186 and 187:
towns. Literary sources mention dis
Page 188 and 189:
1. He argued that the expression r6
Page 190 and 191:
investigated whether this ethnic re
Page 192 and 193:
mentioned by Thucydides, who says t
Page 194 and 195:
the wars ended with the town being
Page 196 and 197:
and from the Labican' 684 Beloch no
Page 198 and 199:
fighting on several fronts, in Apul
Page 200 and 201:
admission, so they made their way t
Page 202 and 203:
loose federation of settlements he
Page 204 and 205:
Pompeianus and guaestor Pompeianus.
Page 206 and 207:
late third, early ST Po 1 Caratelli
Page 208 and 209:
v(iibis). püpidiis. v(iibieis). me
Page 210 and 211:
possibility is that they are the ow
Page 212 and 213:
fragmentary inscriptions, Ve 9 and
Page 214 and 215:
supply uninterrupted and to give ga
Page 216 and 217:
appears on the altar found in templ
Page 218 and 219:
6.3.5. Other institutions It is als
Page 220 and 221:
1. ST Po 34, Ve 23, Co 60, Bu 14, P
Page 222 and 223:
urubla[nu. ant. tiu]rri. 7mefira. f
Page 224 and 225:
meaning `goings'. He supposed that
Page 226 and 227:
the Latin noun fama, with the meani
Page 228 and 229:
4. ST Po 43, Ve 30b, Co 71, Zvetaie
Page 230 and 231:
since the programmata were not noti
Page 232 and 233:
quinquennalis or quaestor. Mommsen
Page 234 and 235:
makes sense only if they were votin
Page 236 and 237:
of the town. Maraeus Atranus son of
Page 238 and 239:
Numerous nomina gentilicia of magis
Page 240 and 241:
6.5. Meddices of Minerva A unique i
Page 242 and 243:
of Mefitis and Privati of Stabiae,
Page 244 and 245:
Most of the coins with the legend a
Page 246 and 247:
6.6.2. Silver and bronze coins from
Page 248 and 249:
story, recorded in local traditions
Page 250 and 251:
supposed confederation the members
Page 252 and 253:
structures. 848 The known instituti
Page 254 and 255:
they were probably filled by electi
Page 256 and 257:
title. My investigation has led to
Page 258 and 259:
emarkably wider than in the Greek w
Page 260 and 261:
In chapters three to six, I have su
Page 262 and 263:
Antonini, R., `Campani', Studi Etru
Page 264 and 265:
Bonghi Jovino, M., La necopoliprero
Page 266 and 267:
Campanile, E., `Note sulla defixio
Page 268 and 269:
Cebeillac-Gervasoni M., 'Italia: Re
Page 270 and 271:
Crawford, M. H., Coinage and money
Page 272 and 273:
De Benedittis, G., 'Sannio (CB): pi
Page 274 and 275:
Di Niro, A., `Cercemaggiore-Gildone
Page 276 and 277:
Gabba, E., L'Italia romana (Como, 1
Page 278 and 279:
Guzzo, P. G. 'L'identitä contradit
Page 280 and 281:
Joseph, B. D., 'Oscan slaagi-', Glo
Page 282 and 283:
Larsen, J. A. 0, Greek Federal Stat
Page 284 and 285:
Lloyd, J. A. Rathbone, D. W. `A Cla
Page 286 and 287:
Mau, A., `Die oskischen Wegweiserin
Page 288 and 289:
Onorato, G. 0., `Pompei municipium
Page 290 and 291:
italica, Atli del convegno della So
Page 292 and 293:
Salerno', Nuceria Alfaterna e il su
Page 294 and 295:
Sgobbo, I., `Gli Etruschi in Pompei
Page 296 and 297:
Thomsen, R., The Italic Regions fro
Page 298 and 299:
Maps 298
Page 300 and 301:
zr Cl `>iyo N"i Q"_; Zö...........
Page 302 and 303:
1r ý, 'ýý 1. ýý}: ýýý ýi l
Page 304:
A ö 0 a a v a t 0 a 0 N t O CL n°
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Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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