Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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6.5. Meddices of Minerva A unique inscription has been found on the eastern side of the promontory of the peninsula of Surrentum called the Punta della Campanella. The text is inscribed on the rock beside the stairs leading up from a landing stage to the plateau. The promontory was an important cult place for Athena or Minerva and it was frequented from at least the sixth century BC. The shrine is thought to be of Greek origin, but came under Samnite supervision with the occupation of Campania some time after the middle of the fifth century BC. Russo has dated the inscription to the first half of the second century BC. 80° ST Cm 2, MAL Misc. 3.5.189-204. m. gaaviis m. 1(Avkis). pitakiis. m. 21(üvkis). appüllis. ma. meddiks. menereviius 3esskazsiüm. ekük. üpsannum 4dedens. iusüm. prüfattens Maius Gavius son of Maius, Lucius Pitacius son of Maius, Lucius Appuleus son of Maraeus, meddices of Minerva, commissioned the building of this landing stage. They themselves approved it. This is the first, and so far unique, case of the title of meddix qualified by the name of a deity. It is also the first attestation of a college of the three meddices. Russo, the first editor of the inscription, suggested that the meddices were leading magistrates of three towns of the supposed Nucerian League, Nuceria (Maius Gaavius), Surrentum (Lucius 799 Sironen notes the S2KEAAO / Oiac Aos / OxuAAoS names turn up several times among the Lucanian students of Pythagoras799. He suggests the names in Greek take their origin from Oscan and would come from the Latin'oculus', eye. Sironen (1991) 133-8 800 Russo (1990) 197. 240
Pitacius) and Pompeii (Lucius Appuleius). 801 De Caro drew attention to votive statues representing Athena from the area of the sanctuary. 802 Statues made from the same mould were also found in the sanctuary of Privati near Stabiae. Similar statues turned up in the area of the Triangular Forum, one of the oldest areas of Pompeii. The name of Minerva, associated with the temple of the Triangular Forum, also appears in one eftuns inscription. 803 De Caro suggested that there existed a network of Athena/Minerva temples at Pompeii, Privati and Punta della Campanella, 'which coincides with a concrete political reality', in other words, that the cult of Minerva was the official cult of the supposed Nucerian league. 804 The arguments of Russo and De Caro are based on the notion of the existence of the Nucerian League. Russo's interpretation of the three meddices as the magistrates of Nuceria, Pompeii and Surrentum raises the question of why the other two settlements, Herculaneum and Stabiae, did not have representatives. Also, Russo's onomastic arguments for linking a particular magistrate with a particular town do not seem well founded. De Caro's suggestion that the Athena/Minerva sanctuaries were the main cult of the Nucerian League ignores the numerous Hercules sanctuaries in the region (in Pompeii, outside Pompeii to the north, and, of course, Herculaneum) which show the importance of that cult in the region. Furthermore, Russo admits that most types of the votive terracottas discovered in the sanctuary of Punta della Campanella, particularly those that represent female heads wearing headdresses and standing mothers, are found widely in other Campanian locations, such as Cumae, Nola, Capua and the sanctuaries 801 Russo (1990) 198-9. 802 De Caro (1992a) 173-8. The standing statues of Athena wear a long chiton belted around the waist. The goddess holds a shield resting on the ground with her left hand, and an offering pot in her right. She wears a helmet of Phrygian type. 803STPo38. 804 De Caro (1992a) 175, my translation. 241
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Leadership among the Samnites and r
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Acknowledgements I am most thankful
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2.4. Administrative institutions ..
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6.6.1. Bronze coins with the legend
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Abbreviations Bu = Buck, C. D., A G
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Chapter 2 looks at what the account
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unification of Italy and the growth
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was qualified by the place-name of
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dictatorship of the Latin states. 1
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narrowed the meaning of touta down
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tuticus was consequently an urban o
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2.1. Introduction Chapter 2. Highla
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century BC and the Social War. 53 F
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esurrected by the Pentri in second
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their country, the Romans decided t
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princeps. 77 The titles imperator a
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that he had captured Taurasia, Cisa
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that the Romans had rebuilt the des
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Beneventum, in the upper valleys of
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the name of the place to Italia. He
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2.2.5. Voting tribes and Augustan r
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southernmost part of the fourth reg
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We must, however, ask whether the a
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dated to the end of the fourth or b
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heartland as being heavily fortifie
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Remains of buildings and associated
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were scattered over the area of the
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the hill fort of Monte Pallano in t
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the region. 183 Livy uses the term
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and the Sangro valley. Aufidena was
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Samnium, partly because the visible
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Another surge in building activity
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site was abandoned after the war. O
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It is generally accepted that the w
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Vestini and Paeligni. Some of the p
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i still left with the question of w
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three stamps in which the name of t
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second Stabidinus is plausibly the
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the first half of the second centur
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pak(is). staiis. 1(üvkieis). m(edd
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.ý -ý: ordered or approved by a c
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pürtam. liis[eis az2 pü]d safinim
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the Samnites during the Samnite and
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Marcus Lamponius (App., B. C. 1.42.
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Table 4: The Staii as meddices tuti
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produced a magister for the Samnite
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2.6. Conclusions Literary accounts
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fort of Roccagloriosa and some hill
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Although they suggest that the medd
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Capua is preserved in Stephanus Byz
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Samnites. 347 Dionysius's passage,
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Campanian issues as well, thus sugg
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BC, after the final defeat of the L
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supervise the introduction of new r
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settled in 334 BC. 379 But the Fale
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Litemum and Puteoli in 194 BC; 392
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Bantina, an Oscan constitution, is
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undermined, however, by several fac
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We have twenty-six iüvilas inscrip
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same structure: the name or names o
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[These three are the iüvilas] of P
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inscriptions ST Cp 27,29, and 30, a
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The inscription ST Cp 32 suggests t
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ekluva[tiium] 2diuvia. [is] 3damu[s
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ST Cp 19, Ve 93, Co 112, FdB 1, He
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Sulpicius Rufus to be built at publ
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Triphius Virrius, were probably put
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Etruscan gens Ane. 486 Heurgon, cit
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were established in the city, but t
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The main source of information for
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4.1. Introduction Chapter 4. Cumae
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It is difficult to know where exact
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earlier Greek agora, the later foru
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still contained Greek elements. 533
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Although Sgobbo's reading of the wo
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own magistrates, but was represente
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Modern interpretations of the expre
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Rix's argument is unconvincing. Fir
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Cumae and Pompeii. These cities, al
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the name of the town. 566 Justin, w
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Rome and Naples. 577 One may doubt,
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Nola, Naples and Cumae in 216 BC 58
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with the late period of the Hyrina
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5.4.1. Magistrates at Nola and Abel
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Romans held censuses every five yea
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Pacius Calavius son of Pacius m. d.
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written out in full. Rather, I thin
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amnüd. puz. idik. sakara[klüm] in
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Side B Lines 23-26: But the Nolans.
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name and his office (all dative sin
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a number of scholars, I do not beli
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Out of the three gens names of the
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towns. Literary sources mention dis
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1. He argued that the expression r6
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Page 202 and 203: loose federation of settlements he
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Page 206 and 207: late third, early ST Po 1 Caratelli
Page 208 and 209: v(iibis). püpidiis. v(iibieis). me
Page 210 and 211: possibility is that they are the ow
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Page 218 and 219: 6.3.5. Other institutions It is als
Page 220 and 221: 1. ST Po 34, Ve 23, Co 60, Bu 14, P
Page 222 and 223: urubla[nu. ant. tiu]rri. 7mefira. f
Page 224 and 225: meaning `goings'. He supposed that
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Page 228 and 229: 4. ST Po 43, Ve 30b, Co 71, Zvetaie
Page 230 and 231: since the programmata were not noti
Page 232 and 233: quinquennalis or quaestor. Mommsen
Page 234 and 235: makes sense only if they were votin
Page 236 and 237: of the town. Maraeus Atranus son of
Page 238 and 239: Numerous nomina gentilicia of magis
Page 242 and 243: of Mefitis and Privati of Stabiae,
Page 244 and 245: Most of the coins with the legend a
Page 246 and 247: 6.6.2. Silver and bronze coins from
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Page 250 and 251: supposed confederation the members
Page 252 and 253: structures. 848 The known instituti
Page 254 and 255: they were probably filled by electi
Page 256 and 257: title. My investigation has led to
Page 258 and 259: emarkably wider than in the Greek w
Page 260 and 261: In chapters three to six, I have su
Page 262 and 263: Antonini, R., `Campani', Studi Etru
Page 264 and 265: Bonghi Jovino, M., La necopoliprero
Page 266 and 267: Campanile, E., `Note sulla defixio
Page 268 and 269: Cebeillac-Gervasoni M., 'Italia: Re
Page 270 and 271: Crawford, M. H., Coinage and money
Page 272 and 273: De Benedittis, G., 'Sannio (CB): pi
Page 274 and 275: Di Niro, A., `Cercemaggiore-Gildone
Page 276 and 277: Gabba, E., L'Italia romana (Como, 1
Page 278 and 279: Guzzo, P. G. 'L'identitä contradit
Page 280 and 281: Joseph, B. D., 'Oscan slaagi-', Glo
Page 282 and 283: Larsen, J. A. 0, Greek Federal Stat
Page 284 and 285: Lloyd, J. A. Rathbone, D. W. `A Cla
Page 286 and 287: Mau, A., `Die oskischen Wegweiserin
Page 288 and 289: Onorato, G. 0., `Pompei municipium
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italica, Atli del convegno della So
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Salerno', Nuceria Alfaterna e il su
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Sgobbo, I., `Gli Etruschi in Pompei
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Thomsen, R., The Italic Regions fro
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Maps 298
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zr Cl `>iyo N"i Q"_; Zö...........
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1r ý, 'ýý 1. ýý}: ýýý ýi l
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A ö 0 a a v a t 0 a 0 N t O CL n°
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Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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