Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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Most of the coins with the legend are so damaged that they are only partially readable. 809 The legend appears either as Im Oii or irnOr. It runs from the left to the right and it is in a mixture of scripts. It has been classified as early Oscan: the letter D could be Oscan as well as the letter N; the letter i which begins and ends the word is ligatured into the letter D at the beginning of the legend. 810 The letter 0 does not exist in the Oscan alphabet and is thought to be a borrowing from the Etruscan or Greek alphabet. Many of the irnOii and mussel coins were found in necropoleis, tombs or sanctuaries around the Bay of Naples, although the provenance of only a third is known. Specimens have been found at Ponticelli, Caivano, Pompeii, Stabiae, Nuceria, Pontecagnano (ager Picentinus), Montecorvino Rovella (ager Picentinus) and Sorrento, but the largest number turned up in Punta della Campanella, in the area of the shrine. 81 The coins are almost always accompanied by Neapolitan coins, which were the most commonly used in the region. Since the dating of Neapolitan issues is fairly certain, they help to date the irnOii coins to the period between 340 and 320 BC. 812 As regards identification of the legend and the location of the mint, there are two main views: Fiorelli, Beloch and Devoto thought that the coins were Etruscan. 813 Fiorelli suggested that the legend referred to the Irno, the river that flows into the sea south of Salerno. He also argued that a city with the same name existed in the region, which he identified with the Etruscan site of Fratte di Salerno. These arguments were rejected by Zancani Montuoro, who proved that Irno is a medieval name. 814 Avellino instead 809 Russo (1990) 246-7. 810 It is possible that we are dealing with the earliest appearance of the letter or the date, set at 300 BC, must be lowered. all Stazio (1990) 269-70. 812 Libero Mangieri (1994) 22. 813 Beloch (1979) 10; for Morelli see Stazio (1990) 270; Devoto (1967) 123. 814 Zancani Montuoro (1949) 61-8. 244
suggested that the legend should be ex, panded to sIReNTI and identified with Surrentum. 815 In Stazio's view the fact that the greatest number of the coins was found in the sanctuary of Punta della Campanella supports this idea. In my opinion, however, it is quite implausible that the first letter of the name of the town was omitted. We have to conclude that the coins were struck by a yet unknown community in the Bay of Naples and nothing suggests that it was related to the region of the river Sarno. The coins may have been minted at Naples: the pair of Apollo and the human-headed bull is typical of that city and they use the Neapolitan weight standard. 816 Why the im nOii coins were minted is also disputed. Libero Mangieri argued that, because they were made of bronze and most of them were found in the pensinsula of Sorrento, dominated by the Athena sanctuary of Punta della Campanella, they were intended for the use of the sanctuary or in a funerary context, as obols. 817 Several Campanian communities produced coins for brief periods during the fourth century BC. 818 As in other cases, the coins were presumably minted for the payment of soldiers by one of the Samnite communities in Campania, perhaps in the wars between Rome and the Samnites. The coins show that Nuceria was not the only Samnite community in the Sarno area to mint coins. $15 For Avellino's views see Stazio (1990) 268. 816 Stazio (1990) 267-8. 817 Libero Mangieri (1994) 22. Stazio (1990) 272 agrees with this idea. 818 See charter 5.3. 245
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Leadership among the Samnites and r
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Acknowledgements I am most thankful
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2.4. Administrative institutions ..
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6.6.1. Bronze coins with the legend
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Abbreviations Bu = Buck, C. D., A G
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Chapter 2 looks at what the account
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unification of Italy and the growth
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was qualified by the place-name of
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dictatorship of the Latin states. 1
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narrowed the meaning of touta down
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tuticus was consequently an urban o
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2.1. Introduction Chapter 2. Highla
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century BC and the Social War. 53 F
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esurrected by the Pentri in second
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their country, the Romans decided t
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princeps. 77 The titles imperator a
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that he had captured Taurasia, Cisa
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that the Romans had rebuilt the des
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Beneventum, in the upper valleys of
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the name of the place to Italia. He
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2.2.5. Voting tribes and Augustan r
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southernmost part of the fourth reg
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We must, however, ask whether the a
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dated to the end of the fourth or b
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heartland as being heavily fortifie
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Remains of buildings and associated
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were scattered over the area of the
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the hill fort of Monte Pallano in t
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the region. 183 Livy uses the term
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and the Sangro valley. Aufidena was
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Samnium, partly because the visible
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Another surge in building activity
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site was abandoned after the war. O
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It is generally accepted that the w
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Vestini and Paeligni. Some of the p
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i still left with the question of w
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three stamps in which the name of t
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second Stabidinus is plausibly the
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the first half of the second centur
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pak(is). staiis. 1(üvkieis). m(edd
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.ý -ý: ordered or approved by a c
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pürtam. liis[eis az2 pü]d safinim
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the Samnites during the Samnite and
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Marcus Lamponius (App., B. C. 1.42.
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Table 4: The Staii as meddices tuti
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produced a magister for the Samnite
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2.6. Conclusions Literary accounts
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fort of Roccagloriosa and some hill
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Although they suggest that the medd
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Capua is preserved in Stephanus Byz
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Samnites. 347 Dionysius's passage,
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Campanian issues as well, thus sugg
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BC, after the final defeat of the L
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supervise the introduction of new r
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settled in 334 BC. 379 But the Fale
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Litemum and Puteoli in 194 BC; 392
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Bantina, an Oscan constitution, is
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undermined, however, by several fac
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We have twenty-six iüvilas inscrip
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same structure: the name or names o
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[These three are the iüvilas] of P
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inscriptions ST Cp 27,29, and 30, a
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The inscription ST Cp 32 suggests t
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ekluva[tiium] 2diuvia. [is] 3damu[s
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ST Cp 19, Ve 93, Co 112, FdB 1, He
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Sulpicius Rufus to be built at publ
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Triphius Virrius, were probably put
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Etruscan gens Ane. 486 Heurgon, cit
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were established in the city, but t
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The main source of information for
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4.1. Introduction Chapter 4. Cumae
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It is difficult to know where exact
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earlier Greek agora, the later foru
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still contained Greek elements. 533
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Although Sgobbo's reading of the wo
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own magistrates, but was represente
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Modern interpretations of the expre
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Rix's argument is unconvincing. Fir
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Cumae and Pompeii. These cities, al
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the name of the town. 566 Justin, w
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Rome and Naples. 577 One may doubt,
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Nola, Naples and Cumae in 216 BC 58
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with the late period of the Hyrina
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5.4.1. Magistrates at Nola and Abel
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Romans held censuses every five yea
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Pacius Calavius son of Pacius m. d.
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written out in full. Rather, I thin
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amnüd. puz. idik. sakara[klüm] in
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Side B Lines 23-26: But the Nolans.
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name and his office (all dative sin
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a number of scholars, I do not beli
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Out of the three gens names of the
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towns. Literary sources mention dis
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1. He argued that the expression r6
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investigated whether this ethnic re
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mentioned by Thucydides, who says t
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Page 200 and 201: admission, so they made their way t
Page 202 and 203: loose federation of settlements he
Page 204 and 205: Pompeianus and guaestor Pompeianus.
Page 206 and 207: late third, early ST Po 1 Caratelli
Page 208 and 209: v(iibis). püpidiis. v(iibieis). me
Page 210 and 211: possibility is that they are the ow
Page 212 and 213: fragmentary inscriptions, Ve 9 and
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Page 218 and 219: 6.3.5. Other institutions It is als
Page 220 and 221: 1. ST Po 34, Ve 23, Co 60, Bu 14, P
Page 222 and 223: urubla[nu. ant. tiu]rri. 7mefira. f
Page 224 and 225: meaning `goings'. He supposed that
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Page 228 and 229: 4. ST Po 43, Ve 30b, Co 71, Zvetaie
Page 230 and 231: since the programmata were not noti
Page 232 and 233: quinquennalis or quaestor. Mommsen
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Page 236 and 237: of the town. Maraeus Atranus son of
Page 238 and 239: Numerous nomina gentilicia of magis
Page 240 and 241: 6.5. Meddices of Minerva A unique i
Page 242 and 243: of Mefitis and Privati of Stabiae,
Page 246 and 247: 6.6.2. Silver and bronze coins from
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Page 250 and 251: supposed confederation the members
Page 252 and 253: structures. 848 The known instituti
Page 254 and 255: they were probably filled by electi
Page 256 and 257: title. My investigation has led to
Page 258 and 259: emarkably wider than in the Greek w
Page 260 and 261: In chapters three to six, I have su
Page 262 and 263: Antonini, R., `Campani', Studi Etru
Page 264 and 265: Bonghi Jovino, M., La necopoliprero
Page 266 and 267: Campanile, E., `Note sulla defixio
Page 268 and 269: Cebeillac-Gervasoni M., 'Italia: Re
Page 270 and 271: Crawford, M. H., Coinage and money
Page 272 and 273: De Benedittis, G., 'Sannio (CB): pi
Page 274 and 275: Di Niro, A., `Cercemaggiore-Gildone
Page 276 and 277: Gabba, E., L'Italia romana (Como, 1
Page 278 and 279: Guzzo, P. G. 'L'identitä contradit
Page 280 and 281: Joseph, B. D., 'Oscan slaagi-', Glo
Page 282 and 283: Larsen, J. A. 0, Greek Federal Stat
Page 284 and 285: Lloyd, J. A. Rathbone, D. W. `A Cla
Page 286 and 287: Mau, A., `Die oskischen Wegweiserin
Page 288 and 289: Onorato, G. 0., `Pompei municipium
Page 290 and 291: italica, Atli del convegno della So
Page 292 and 293: Salerno', Nuceria Alfaterna e il su
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Sgobbo, I., `Gli Etruschi in Pompei
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Thomsen, R., The Italic Regions fro
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Maps 298
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zr Cl `>iyo N"i Q"_; Zö...........
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1r ý, 'ýý 1. ýý}: ýýý ýi l
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A ö 0 a a v a t 0 a 0 N t O CL n°
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Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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