Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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meaning `goings'. He supposed that it became a technical term for `mobilization', and was followed by an indication of the tower or the gate to tell the citizens where they had to mobilize. 754 Vetter instead suggested that eftuns refers to the soldiers themselves and translated eituns as evocati, 'called up'. 755 He argued that the dipinti assign certain parts of the city walls to citizens liable for military service in every quarter of the town in the case of emergency. 56 Pisani followed Vetter's view, although he translated eftuns as exploratores, soldiers chosen to patrol part of the city wall. 757 Prosdocimi countered that the meaning `soldiers' is too far removed from the supposed root *eito- `to go'. 758 He prefers to derive eituns from *eid, a stem for words to do with òath' and interprets eituns as soldiers who have taken an oath on enrolment, iurati in Latin. Nissen's idea that the eituns dipinti helped allied soldiers to reach their stations is not at all plausible. First, they do not provide clear directions for outsiders: for example, ST 36 and 37, painted on corner pillars, do not indicate which way the soldier had to go. Conversely, ST 34 was unnecessary because the city wall was visible from the location of the inscription anyway. Therefore, it is more likely that the inscriptions were painted for the citizens of Pompeii. Whichever of the etymological interpretations of Buck, Vetter, Pisani or Prosdocimi is correct, they all agree that the word refers to those Pompeian citizens liable for military service, so the simplest solution is to take eituns to mean à group of soldiers'. The word amvianud (abl. sing. ) has also caused debate. It has been suggested that it is a loanword from the Greek äµoobov, which has a range of meanings, including 753 Buck(1904)242. 754 Buck (1922) 113 and 118 ns Vetter (1953) 54-7. 756 Vetter (1927) 5. Vetter spotted that in ST Po 39 the word eituns was followed by set (sunt), which suggests that it must be a noun. 757 Pisani (1953) 13 A, B, C, D, E. 224
street or quarter. 759 In his edition of 1904, Buck followed Nissen's view about the purpose of the eituns inscriptions and translated the word amvianud as circuitu, `(in this) way around or detour'. Later Buck accepted that the Greek word äp4obov is usually rendered in Latin as vices, as Nissen had translated it, and suggested that ainvianud denoted an administrative unit, a quarter or ward, that provided soldiers for the defence of the city 760 The eftuns inscriptions would then be similar to a Greek inscription from Smyrna, which instructs to the male inhabitants of each city quarter where they had to assemble, and also gives the name of the officer in charge of the contingent. 761 It seems clear that the word arnvianud should be understood as `quarter' of the city or ward. The last controversial word is the verb, faamat or fam(m)ant, which, with the exception of the sixth fragmentary inscription, is preceded by the adverb puf, or ubi in Latin. Nissen translated it as ubi tendit, `where leads, goes', that is the fiter, the road that took the allied soldiers to their posts. Subsequently, the word was thought to be an action taken by the person or persons named at the end of the inscriptions. This makes sense, since in all inscriptions where one person appears the verb is in the singular, while in ST 39, where two persons are cited, it is in the plural. Ideas differ as to how to translate the verb. Buck's translation, ubi habita(n)t, suggests that the person appearing in the text, perhaps the leader of the contingent of the vicus, lived there, but this is unlikely because the inhabitants of the quarter probably knew that the person lived there, and it is difficult to believe that the leaders lived evenly distributed across the town, close to the towers. Vetter translated puf faam(m)a(n)t as (nomina) cita(n)t, and reckoned that it is related to 758 Prosdocimi (1978) 876-7. 759 Buck (1922) 111-8. 760 Nissen (1877) 497-9 and 542. Buck (1922). 761 Nissen (1877) 502. 225
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Leadership among the Samnites and r
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Acknowledgements I am most thankful
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2.4. Administrative institutions ..
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6.6.1. Bronze coins with the legend
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Abbreviations Bu = Buck, C. D., A G
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Chapter 2 looks at what the account
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unification of Italy and the growth
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was qualified by the place-name of
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dictatorship of the Latin states. 1
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narrowed the meaning of touta down
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tuticus was consequently an urban o
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2.1. Introduction Chapter 2. Highla
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century BC and the Social War. 53 F
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esurrected by the Pentri in second
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their country, the Romans decided t
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princeps. 77 The titles imperator a
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that he had captured Taurasia, Cisa
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that the Romans had rebuilt the des
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Beneventum, in the upper valleys of
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the name of the place to Italia. He
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2.2.5. Voting tribes and Augustan r
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southernmost part of the fourth reg
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We must, however, ask whether the a
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dated to the end of the fourth or b
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heartland as being heavily fortifie
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Remains of buildings and associated
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were scattered over the area of the
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the hill fort of Monte Pallano in t
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the region. 183 Livy uses the term
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and the Sangro valley. Aufidena was
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Samnium, partly because the visible
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Another surge in building activity
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site was abandoned after the war. O
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It is generally accepted that the w
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Vestini and Paeligni. Some of the p
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i still left with the question of w
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three stamps in which the name of t
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second Stabidinus is plausibly the
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the first half of the second centur
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pak(is). staiis. 1(üvkieis). m(edd
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.ý -ý: ordered or approved by a c
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pürtam. liis[eis az2 pü]d safinim
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the Samnites during the Samnite and
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Marcus Lamponius (App., B. C. 1.42.
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Table 4: The Staii as meddices tuti
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produced a magister for the Samnite
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2.6. Conclusions Literary accounts
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fort of Roccagloriosa and some hill
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Although they suggest that the medd
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Capua is preserved in Stephanus Byz
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Samnites. 347 Dionysius's passage,
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Campanian issues as well, thus sugg
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BC, after the final defeat of the L
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supervise the introduction of new r
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settled in 334 BC. 379 But the Fale
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Litemum and Puteoli in 194 BC; 392
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Bantina, an Oscan constitution, is
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undermined, however, by several fac
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We have twenty-six iüvilas inscrip
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same structure: the name or names o
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[These three are the iüvilas] of P
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inscriptions ST Cp 27,29, and 30, a
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The inscription ST Cp 32 suggests t
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ekluva[tiium] 2diuvia. [is] 3damu[s
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ST Cp 19, Ve 93, Co 112, FdB 1, He
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Sulpicius Rufus to be built at publ
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Triphius Virrius, were probably put
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Etruscan gens Ane. 486 Heurgon, cit
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were established in the city, but t
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The main source of information for
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4.1. Introduction Chapter 4. Cumae
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It is difficult to know where exact
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earlier Greek agora, the later foru
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still contained Greek elements. 533
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Although Sgobbo's reading of the wo
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own magistrates, but was represente
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Modern interpretations of the expre
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Rix's argument is unconvincing. Fir
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Cumae and Pompeii. These cities, al
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the name of the town. 566 Justin, w
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Rome and Naples. 577 One may doubt,
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Nola, Naples and Cumae in 216 BC 58
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with the late period of the Hyrina
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5.4.1. Magistrates at Nola and Abel
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Romans held censuses every five yea
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Pacius Calavius son of Pacius m. d.
Page 174 and 175: written out in full. Rather, I thin
Page 176 and 177: amnüd. puz. idik. sakara[klüm] in
Page 178 and 179: Side B Lines 23-26: But the Nolans.
Page 180 and 181: name and his office (all dative sin
Page 182 and 183: a number of scholars, I do not beli
Page 184 and 185: Out of the three gens names of the
Page 186 and 187: towns. Literary sources mention dis
Page 188 and 189: 1. He argued that the expression r6
Page 190 and 191: investigated whether this ethnic re
Page 192 and 193: mentioned by Thucydides, who says t
Page 194 and 195: the wars ended with the town being
Page 196 and 197: and from the Labican' 684 Beloch no
Page 198 and 199: fighting on several fronts, in Apul
Page 200 and 201: admission, so they made their way t
Page 202 and 203: loose federation of settlements he
Page 204 and 205: Pompeianus and guaestor Pompeianus.
Page 206 and 207: late third, early ST Po 1 Caratelli
Page 208 and 209: v(iibis). püpidiis. v(iibieis). me
Page 210 and 211: possibility is that they are the ow
Page 212 and 213: fragmentary inscriptions, Ve 9 and
Page 214 and 215: supply uninterrupted and to give ga
Page 216 and 217: appears on the altar found in templ
Page 218 and 219: 6.3.5. Other institutions It is als
Page 220 and 221: 1. ST Po 34, Ve 23, Co 60, Bu 14, P
Page 222 and 223: urubla[nu. ant. tiu]rri. 7mefira. f
Page 226 and 227: the Latin noun fama, with the meani
Page 228 and 229: 4. ST Po 43, Ve 30b, Co 71, Zvetaie
Page 230 and 231: since the programmata were not noti
Page 232 and 233: quinquennalis or quaestor. Mommsen
Page 234 and 235: makes sense only if they were votin
Page 236 and 237: of the town. Maraeus Atranus son of
Page 238 and 239: Numerous nomina gentilicia of magis
Page 240 and 241: 6.5. Meddices of Minerva A unique i
Page 242 and 243: of Mefitis and Privati of Stabiae,
Page 244 and 245: Most of the coins with the legend a
Page 246 and 247: 6.6.2. Silver and bronze coins from
Page 248 and 249: story, recorded in local traditions
Page 250 and 251: supposed confederation the members
Page 252 and 253: structures. 848 The known instituti
Page 254 and 255: they were probably filled by electi
Page 256 and 257: title. My investigation has led to
Page 258 and 259: emarkably wider than in the Greek w
Page 260 and 261: In chapters three to six, I have su
Page 262 and 263: Antonini, R., `Campani', Studi Etru
Page 264 and 265: Bonghi Jovino, M., La necopoliprero
Page 266 and 267: Campanile, E., `Note sulla defixio
Page 268 and 269: Cebeillac-Gervasoni M., 'Italia: Re
Page 270 and 271: Crawford, M. H., Coinage and money
Page 272 and 273: De Benedittis, G., 'Sannio (CB): pi
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Di Niro, A., `Cercemaggiore-Gildone
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Gabba, E., L'Italia romana (Como, 1
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Guzzo, P. G. 'L'identitä contradit
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Joseph, B. D., 'Oscan slaagi-', Glo
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Larsen, J. A. 0, Greek Federal Stat
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Lloyd, J. A. Rathbone, D. W. À Cla
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Mau, A., `Die oskischen Wegweiserin
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Onorato, G. 0., `Pompei municipium
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italica, Atli del convegno della So
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Salerno', Nuceria Alfaterna e il su
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Sgobbo, I., `Gli Etruschi in Pompei
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Thomsen, R., The Italic Regions fro
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Maps 298
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zr Cl `>iyo N"i Q"_; Zö...........
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1r ý, 'ýý 1. ýý}: ýýý ýi l
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A ö 0 a a v a t 0 a 0 N t O CL n°
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Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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