Submitted for award of PhD September 2006. - King's College London

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supposed confederation the members of this family seem to have been freedmen of no political importance. 839 The common origins of an elite seem to be a weak argument for the political organization of the supposed Nucerian League. It is true that the number of the members of the gens Sittia was high in the coastal towns of the southern part of the Neapolitan bay, and Teutsch has collected more Sittii in Pompeii. 840 However, numerous members of this gens appear also at Rome, Ostia and Terracina, not of inferior status. 41 Furthermore, all the inscriptions Beloch cited presumably date from the first and second centuries AD, that is from the period when the supposed League must have been dissolved for at least two centuries. Oscan gentilicia are often found in more than one political community. 842 The prominence of the Sittii in several towns of southern Campania does not imply that those towns formed a federation. The second argument in which Beloch mentions the gens Sittia is that of the so- called confederation of Cirta. The Nucerian P. Sittius, an entrepreneur and leader of a mercenary contingent he had collected in Spain and Italy, received part of the territory of Massinissa from Caesar for his services to him, divided among his soldiers. 843 Beloch argued that Sittius founded colonies and drew up a constitution for the region similar to the arrangements of the Nucerian league, his homeland: the capital of the League was the Colonia Julia Juvenalis Honoris et Virtutis Cirta. Three colonies were subordinate to Cirta: Colonia Veneria Rusicade, Colonia Sarnensis Mileu and Colonia Minervia Chullu. 844 These colonies were known as the IIII Coloniae Cirtenses. Beloch claimed that the colonies were named after the patron deities of the three leading cities of the Nucerian confederation, that is Pompeii, Nuceria and Surrentum. He also suggested that 839 Beloch (1877) 286-9. 840 Teutsch (1962) 65. 841 Teutsch (1962) 65. 842 See sections 2.5,3.4 and 5.5. 843 App. Bell. Civ. 4.54. 250
the confederation of Cirta was led by its duoviri, while tresviri praefecti lure dicundo were sent out to the subordinate colonies. Heurgon's article followed Beloch. 845 He suggested that P. Sittius brought the federal arrangement of the region from Nuceria and `founded a New Campania' in Africa. According to Heurgon, the so-called confederation of Cirta was governed by tresviri 1111 coloniarum and aediles 1111 coloniarum, and the three colonies were under praefecti iure dicundo. The common council of the federation was formed by the decuriones 1111 coloniarum. Heurgon then reversed the argument to suggest that at Nuceria the federal meddix tuticus and two aediles had formed a college of tresviri, whereas the meddices and quaestores were local magistrates. This reconstruction certainly cannot stand. Senatore points out that Heurgon's comparison of the tresviri of Cirta with those of Latin communities is not correct, because the tresviri aediles of Arpinum, Fundi and Formiae were civic magistrates and not part of a federal structure. 846 More fundamentally, Laffi has thrown serious doubt on Beloch's and Heurgon's reconstruction of the political structures of the Cirtan colonies and the date of their implementation. 847 Certainly the names of the Cirtan colonies relate to the Sarno valley and they had a large number of colonists from the area of Nuceria. However, their political structure remains uncertain, and even if Beloch and Heurgon were partly right, we must accept Senatore's view that there is no evidence of imitation of previous local Oscan political 644 Beloch (1877) 295-6; Beloch (1879) 241. 645 Heurgon (1957) 7-24. 846 Senatore (2001) 232-8. 847 Appian. B. C. 4.54. Laffi (1966) 135-147. The foundation date of the colony is also supported by Keppie (1983) 83 251
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Leadership among the Samnites and r
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Acknowledgements I am most thankful
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2.4. Administrative institutions ..
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6.6.1. Bronze coins with the legend
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Abbreviations Bu = Buck, C. D., A G
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Chapter 2 looks at what the account
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unification of Italy and the growth
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was qualified by the place-name of
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dictatorship of the Latin states. 1
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narrowed the meaning of touta down
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tuticus was consequently an urban o
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2.1. Introduction Chapter 2. Highla
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century BC and the Social War. 53 F
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esurrected by the Pentri in second
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their country, the Romans decided t
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princeps. 77 The titles imperator a
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that he had captured Taurasia, Cisa
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that the Romans had rebuilt the des
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Beneventum, in the upper valleys of
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the name of the place to Italia. He
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2.2.5. Voting tribes and Augustan r
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southernmost part of the fourth reg
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We must, however, ask whether the a
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dated to the end of the fourth or b
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heartland as being heavily fortifie
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Remains of buildings and associated
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were scattered over the area of the
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the hill fort of Monte Pallano in t
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the region. 183 Livy uses the term
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and the Sangro valley. Aufidena was
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Samnium, partly because the visible
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Another surge in building activity
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site was abandoned after the war. O
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It is generally accepted that the w
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Vestini and Paeligni. Some of the p
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i still left with the question of w
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three stamps in which the name of t
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second Stabidinus is plausibly the
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the first half of the second centur
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pak(is). staiis. 1(üvkieis). m(edd
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.ý -ý: ordered or approved by a c
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pürtam. liis[eis az2 pü]d safinim
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the Samnites during the Samnite and
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Marcus Lamponius (App., B. C. 1.42.
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Table 4: The Staii as meddices tuti
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produced a magister for the Samnite
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2.6. Conclusions Literary accounts
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fort of Roccagloriosa and some hill
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Although they suggest that the medd
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Capua is preserved in Stephanus Byz
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Samnites. 347 Dionysius's passage,
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Campanian issues as well, thus sugg
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BC, after the final defeat of the L
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supervise the introduction of new r
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settled in 334 BC. 379 But the Fale
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Litemum and Puteoli in 194 BC; 392
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Bantina, an Oscan constitution, is
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undermined, however, by several fac
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We have twenty-six iüvilas inscrip
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same structure: the name or names o
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[These three are the iüvilas] of P
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inscriptions ST Cp 27,29, and 30, a
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The inscription ST Cp 32 suggests t
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ekluva[tiium] 2diuvia. [is] 3damu[s
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ST Cp 19, Ve 93, Co 112, FdB 1, He
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Sulpicius Rufus to be built at publ
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Triphius Virrius, were probably put
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Etruscan gens Ane. 486 Heurgon, cit
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were established in the city, but t
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The main source of information for
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4.1. Introduction Chapter 4. Cumae
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It is difficult to know where exact
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earlier Greek agora, the later foru
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still contained Greek elements. 533
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Although Sgobbo's reading of the wo
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own magistrates, but was represente
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Modern interpretations of the expre
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Rix's argument is unconvincing. Fir
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Cumae and Pompeii. These cities, al
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the name of the town. 566 Justin, w
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Rome and Naples. 577 One may doubt,
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Nola, Naples and Cumae in 216 BC 58
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with the late period of the Hyrina
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5.4.1. Magistrates at Nola and Abel
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Romans held censuses every five yea
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Pacius Calavius son of Pacius m. d.
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written out in full. Rather, I thin
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amnüd. puz. idik. sakara[klüm] in
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Side B Lines 23-26: But the Nolans.
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name and his office (all dative sin
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a number of scholars, I do not beli
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Out of the three gens names of the
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towns. Literary sources mention dis
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1. He argued that the expression r6
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investigated whether this ethnic re
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mentioned by Thucydides, who says t
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the wars ended with the town being
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and from the Labican' 684 Beloch no
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fighting on several fronts, in Apul
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Page 206 and 207: late third, early ST Po 1 Caratelli
Page 208 and 209: v(iibis). püpidiis. v(iibieis). me
Page 210 and 211: possibility is that they are the ow
Page 212 and 213: fragmentary inscriptions, Ve 9 and
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Page 216 and 217: appears on the altar found in templ
Page 218 and 219: 6.3.5. Other institutions It is als
Page 220 and 221: 1. ST Po 34, Ve 23, Co 60, Bu 14, P
Page 222 and 223: urubla[nu. ant. tiu]rri. 7mefira. f
Page 224 and 225: meaning `goings'. He supposed that
Page 226 and 227: the Latin noun fama, with the meani
Page 228 and 229: 4. ST Po 43, Ve 30b, Co 71, Zvetaie
Page 230 and 231: since the programmata were not noti
Page 232 and 233: quinquennalis or quaestor. Mommsen
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Page 236 and 237: of the town. Maraeus Atranus son of
Page 238 and 239: Numerous nomina gentilicia of magis
Page 240 and 241: 6.5. Meddices of Minerva A unique i
Page 242 and 243: of Mefitis and Privati of Stabiae,
Page 244 and 245: Most of the coins with the legend a
Page 246 and 247: 6.6.2. Silver and bronze coins from
Page 248 and 249: story, recorded in local traditions
Page 252 and 253: structures. 848 The known instituti
Page 254 and 255: they were probably filled by electi
Page 256 and 257: title. My investigation has led to
Page 258 and 259: emarkably wider than in the Greek w
Page 260 and 261: In chapters three to six, I have su
Page 262 and 263: Antonini, R., `Campani', Studi Etru
Page 264 and 265: Bonghi Jovino, M., La necopoliprero
Page 266 and 267: Campanile, E., `Note sulla defixio
Page 268 and 269: Cebeillac-Gervasoni M., 'Italia: Re
Page 270 and 271: Crawford, M. H., Coinage and money
Page 272 and 273: De Benedittis, G., 'Sannio (CB): pi
Page 274 and 275: Di Niro, A., `Cercemaggiore-Gildone
Page 276 and 277: Gabba, E., L'Italia romana (Como, 1
Page 278 and 279: Guzzo, P. G. 'L'identitä contradit
Page 280 and 281: Joseph, B. D., 'Oscan slaagi-', Glo
Page 282 and 283: Larsen, J. A. 0, Greek Federal Stat
Page 284 and 285: Lloyd, J. A. Rathbone, D. W. `A Cla
Page 286 and 287: Mau, A., `Die oskischen Wegweiserin
Page 288 and 289: Onorato, G. 0., `Pompei municipium
Page 290 and 291: italica, Atli del convegno della So
Page 292 and 293: Salerno', Nuceria Alfaterna e il su
Page 294 and 295: Sgobbo, I., `Gli Etruschi in Pompei
Page 296 and 297: Thomsen, R., The Italic Regions fro
Page 298 and 299: Maps 298
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zr Cl `>iyo N"i Q"_; Zö...........
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1r ý, 'ýý 1. ýý}: ýýý ýi l
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A ö 0 a a v a t 0 a 0 N t O CL n°
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