CONTRADICTION, CRITIQUE, AND DIALECTIC IN ADORNO A ...

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In the end, the philosophical assessment of negative dialectics does not rise or fall with the details of the specific Freudian interpretation, but rather with whether or not the geistige Erfahrung that this interpretation is supposed to elucidate and make concrete is actually an experience of claustrophobia within the system, caused by a repressive relation between concept and object, and constantly accompanied by the quality of pain, suffering, and guilt. And while the question of whether or not this logical structure in fact orders all of our attempts determinately to think an object is something that can only be ‘tested’ in the first-hand experience of thinking, the logical structure itself already presupposes, at the least, the concepts of repression and projection, so that, if the integrity and viability of these concepts are fully rejected, Adorno’s description of the experience of thought must be rejected as well. never final, as the system always returns in ever more encompassing guises.) Second, Foucault argues that the repressive model inverts the relation of cause and effect by viewing sexuality (and so ‘inner nature’) as a given whose repression results in mechanisms of power and domination. Foucault argues that instead we should conceive of sexuality (or whatever conception we might have of the ‘inner nature’ that is repressed) as produced by mechanisms of power and strategies of knowledge. For Foucault, the structures of power produce the ‘nature’ that characterizes the individual and the social subject as repressed. In a sense, then, Foucault holds a constructivist view of ‘inner nature.’ (For Foucault’s critique of the repressive hypothesis, see The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, trans. by Hurley, Robert (New York: Random House, 1978).) Adorno, on the other hand, views nature and social power (the social totality) as reciprocally mediated—neither is given and more primary, nor the result of the other. Inner nature is in Adorno’s account affected by, and constituted in relation to, the socio-historical realm, but it is not reducible to a social construction. Rather, nature in turn determines the socio-historical realm through in a manner analogous to how the unconscious determines elements of individual behavior and development, as we saw, for instance, in Adorno and Horkheimer’s analysis of fascism (chapter 5). In fact, the paranoid structure of social reality and discursive thought is unintelligible for Adorno without seeing it partly as the result of pathological projection—that is, of the pathological repression of nature. 458
BIBLIOGRAPHY Works by Adorno in the Original Language (German and English) Adorno. “Die Aktualität der Philosophy.” In Philosophische Frühschriften, Gesammelte Shcriften, Vol. 1, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz, 325-344. Frankfurt: Surkham Verlag, 2003. ---. “Anti-Semitism and Fascist Propaganda.” In Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 8, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz, 397- 407. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2003. ---. Ästhetische Theorie. In Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 7, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1970. ---. “Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda.” In Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 8, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz, 408-433. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2003. ---. “Die Idee der Naturgeschichte.” In Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 1: Philosophische Frühschriften, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz, 345-365. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2003. ---. Kants »Kritik der reinen Vernunft«. In Nachgelassene Schriften, Vol. 4, edited by Rolf Tiedemann. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1995. ---. Minima Moralia. In Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 4, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2003. ---. Negative Dialektik. In Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 6, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2003. ---. “Soziologie und empirische Forschung.” In Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 8, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz, 196-216. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2003. ---. “Spätkapitalismus oder Industriegesellschaft?” In Gesammelte Schriften, Vol. 8, edited by Rolf Tiedemann, Gretel Adorno, Susan Buck-Morss, and Klaus Schultz. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1969. 459
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CONTRADICTION, CRITIQUE, AND DIALEC
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CONTRADICTION, CRITIQUE, AND DIALEC
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For my parents, Luz Marina and John
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4.3 Adorno’s resolution of the di
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FIGURES Figure 4.1: Inner contradic
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost,
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CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINA
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in the present study, and which I t
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inadequate. In my view, O’Connor
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system, and Adorno rejects both the
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and instead examining only the assu
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In Hegel, there are three stages in
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dialectical movement in act. 16 Phi
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According to Hegel, the philosopher
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dialectic is driven forward from on
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observing consciousness has already
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consciousness to perform the operat
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and makes possible the successive a
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corresponds to the self-determining
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And yet, as I hope to have shown in
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claim; namely, that the Hegelian sy
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the system’s inability to express
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Hegel’s idea that history is in e
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irremediably caught in a situation
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defined in its essence by rationali
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zum Entsetzen verifiziert und auf d
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1.2.2 Hegelian dialectics as a form
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objectivity, but rather as an empha
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as thought, is a form of thought th
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conceptual element. It is thus ulti
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It is clear, however, that (2) is n
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ultimately blind to this problem. H
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Aber Denken darf auch nicht bei der
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The first contradiction is internal
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world, and the nature of the subjec
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undertaking of giving an account of
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eflection. 62 The idea is that, ins
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of subject and object characterizin
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then, will be to take a suitable ex
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in it as providing a stable view of
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2.2 The subject’s mediation of an
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It might be thought, then, that the
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the subject as, on the one hand, an
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of consciousness that are then said
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Note the radical nature of Adorno
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tasks of ideology: first, to mask t
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more intelligible but also to lead
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empirical subject. The transcendent
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something external to the individua
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Even the individual who explicitly
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others, and even her own self-under
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is “contradictory” and “false
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Moreover, even modern critiques of
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Einzelmensch, so wie er zu agieren
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says that the “fixity and invaria
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the subject-object relation. I cons
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the concrete living individual, exp
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Clarifying Adorno’s notion of ant
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structure of modern society maximiz
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the following points to be relative
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accordance with its own autonomous
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orthodox Freudianism, Adorno takes
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In this situation, autonomous ego-c
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Civil Society Let us now turn to an
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den Mann zu bringen, das heißt in
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elations of production inherently l
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according to which any one individu
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The State Finally, we need to consi
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The forces of production have indee
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Gewalt, der von Repression, wie ein
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political and even its military pow
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economic activity for global capita
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that social freedom, or the freedom
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and nature has actually become a th
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epression and domination for their
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case, Hegel’s model would remain
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how the potential can be fulfilled
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antagonistic relation to internal n
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Adorno’s conception of the antago
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The question I pursue in this and t
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local heteronomy, or total determin
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selbst waltende” [not merely the
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efusal to acknowledge social factor
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There is therefore a sort of social
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their own autonomously defined ends
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available to thought. By bringing t
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durch ihre einzelnen Momente hindur
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eality by the principle of exchange
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If a critical form of thought expos
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The following diagram illustrates t
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appearance and essence characterist
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Adorno’s famous statement that
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false or delusory. So, the idea tha
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it is also not merely ‘logically
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Hegel’s Science of Logic begins w
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In my view, the sublation [Aufhebun
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contingent historical development,
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further interpretation. This need f
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Marcuse’s builds his conception o
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essence gives way to a more develop
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(2) that there are tendencies alrea
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eality as a whole does not result i
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asking them to choose their prefere
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eality “in itself,” or essentia
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Since the contradiction between app
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appearance to essence. But the empi
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eflection to the study of social re
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nature, which constitutes social re
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objects, for the constitution of ob
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However, we do not yet know how the
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CHAPTER 5: A FREUDIAN INTERPRETATIO
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objects only to the extent that the
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it does not follow the rules of thi
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mechanism, namely paranoid projecti
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civilization and enlightenment has
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Adorno and Horkheimer see the Shoah
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thought has experienced a loss of e
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any objective appreciation and judg
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der Menschheit im Bann der technisc
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imagination exists that ‘reality
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esults in the radical creation of s
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of Adorno’s negative dialectics i
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that human beings on the average ca
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5.4.1 Development of civilization A
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The first stage of distance that Ad
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persuade it or “convince” it to
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much greater control over nature, b
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Threatening, wild nature is pushed
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stronger, and so became the exertio
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advanced capitalist societies is ne
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In his Vorlesung über Negative Dia
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Denken ineinsgesetzt, ohne dessen f
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instrumental reason. Stepping outsi
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een totally “civilized,” of all
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nature from the world; they repeat
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5.5 Conclusion This chapter has dev
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teleologically ordered structure th
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CHAPTER 6: THE DIALECTIC OF ENLIGHT
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6.1 The dialectic of enlightenment
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development of the modern period an
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necessitated by the very mechanism
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The interpretation of Dialektik der
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doing without society provides no a
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conception of historical developmen
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of the system and perhaps also taki
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alone, seemingly for its own sake.
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accordance with which social realit
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(3) Therefore, the result of regres
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from its beginnings in animism to h
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subsection (6.2.2), I briefly expla
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constraints to bring about the emer
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Just like the social-historical lev
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6.2.3 Adorno’s historical method:
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dans sa force et sa faiblesse, la s
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emplacements et de déplacements, d
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individual as ailing from a weak eg
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this point is worth emphasizing bec
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element is a necessary component of
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exchange). Moreover, I said that, f
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within, and constructs the world as
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would be the case if exchange was a
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But the relation of nature to socie
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neither can be understood as more f
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The ‘natural history’ of a phen
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Verschlingungen; darum sind ihr so
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given to the structural order of so
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principle of exchange’s primacy o
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contradiction between appearance an
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introduced in chapter 3: the elemen
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When we consider the relation betwe
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The main goal of this chapter and t
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each of the Concept (beyond the rea
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object leaves room for an idea of c
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context of the object’s origin is
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each element of Kant’s theory on
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precisely through the interpretatio
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problems of the text (or other obje
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Ängste auskennt, das ist auf der e
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The world of empirical experience,
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Adorno interprets Kant’s division
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interpretation as the dissolution o
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demonstrates that the contradiction
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ist—der Begriff des Widerspruchs
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a. The first component corresponds
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historical context. But this way of
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The concern with retrieving the non
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object, which necessarily exceeds i
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the problem seems to be inherent in
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However, this society is pathologic
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sufficiency the “Schein des Ansic
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The category of ‘inner nature’
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fragments and their rhetorical form
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TABLE 7.1 DISCURSIVE-CONCEPTUAL V.
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moreover, a critique that simply ig
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The two philosophical strands, or s
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experience of suffering or damage,
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CHAPTER 8: PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE A
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adicalization of the materialist st
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Adorno’s words, nature is that wh
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One important point in Benjamin’s
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After the fall, “the judging word
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Importantly, however, language afte
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particular object is preserved in o
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that, “Was aber solche Namen als
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Die platonische Anamnesis steht die
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elements in the exemplary particula
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hat Geschichte nur noch als einen G
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Das Echte - jenes Ursprungssiegel i
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It is not my purpose here philosoph
Page 419 and 420: Adorno takes the idea of constellat
Page 421 and 422: The notion of onomatopoeia is strai
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Page 431 and 432: The constellation provides a field,
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Page 435 and 436: Again in agreement, Benjamin and Ad
Page 437 and 438: Adorno’s basic disagreement with
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Page 445 and 446: Adorno says that “Die Formel daß
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Page 453 and 454: eality—that is, the structure of
Page 455 and 456: conceptual tensions in the object a
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Page 459 and 460: object,” as well as in the “con
Page 461 and 462: element and in terms of its interpr
Page 463 and 464: The logical structure of paranoid p
Page 465 and 466: I do want to conclude with some ref
Page 467 and 468: If Adorno is right, this abstract l
Page 469: that they repress the non-conceptua
Page 473 and 474: ---. Negative Dialectics. Translate
Page 475 and 476: ---. “On Some Motifs in Baudelair
Page 477 and 478: ---. “Neurosis and psychosis.”
Page 479: ---. Capital, Vol. I. Translated by
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