The Effects of Sanction Intensity on Criminal Conduct - JDAI Helpdesk

Table 1.4: Moderator Variable <strong>Effects</strong> (Technical Violations, RCTs)
N
48
Q B
Mean
OR
95% C.I.
Lower Upper
Study Characteristics
Publication Type
Academic publication 8 2.08** 1.22 3.54
Government/other
2.31
8
unpublished report
1.19 .74 1.94
Research timeframe a
1980s 11 1.81* 1.09 3.03
.63
1990s 4
1.22 .54 2.80
Program Characteristics
Reduced caseload component
Yes 14 1.49 .93 2.38
.17
No 2
2.04 .48 8.61
Increased contact component
Yes 13 1.44 .89 2.34
.41
No 3
2.16 .70 6.67
Increased drug testing component
Yes 9 1.19 .62 2.28
1.37
No 7
2.13* 1.02 4.45
Prevailing supervision
philosophy b
Control/surveillance 13 1.55 .93 2.58
.01
Hybrid 3
1.46 .51 4.24
Target population
Probationers 7 1.66 .77 3.55
Parolees 4 .31 1.72 .67 4.40
Mixed 5
1.24 .50 3.08
Target <strong>of</strong>fense types
Any <strong>of</strong>fending 10 1.19 .78 1.82
3.95*
Specialized caseloads 6
2.44** 1.38 4.32
Sample Characteristics
Gender
All males 5 1.54 .68 3.52
< .01
Mixed 11
1.53 .85 1.41
Risk level
High/mostly high risk 10 1.59 .93 1.69
.04
Mixed risk levels 6
1.45 .73 2.89
Mixed effects (method <strong>of</strong> moments) mean odds ratios.
* p ≤ .05; ** p ≤ .01.
a No observations for 2000s. <strong>The</strong> single observation for 1970s and earlier (a study conducted in the 1950s)
was dropped rather than being combined into another category due to potentially excessive influence from
its large overall weight.
b No observations for ‘Treatment.’