Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics - Agilent Technologies

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Time gating can be achieved using three different methods that will be discussed below. However, there are certain basic concepts of time gating that apply to any implementation. In particular, you must have, or be able to set, the following four items: • An externally supplied gate trigger signal • The gate control, or trigger mode (edge, or level) • The gate delay setting, which determines how long after the trigger signal the gate actually becomes active and the signal is observed • The gate length setting, which determines how long the gate is on and the signal is observed Controlling these parameters will allow us to look at the spectrum of the signal during a desired portion of the time. If you are fortunate enough to have a gating signal that is only true during the period of interest, then you can use level gating as shown in Figure 2-34. However, in many cases the gating signal will not perfectly coincide with the time we want to measure the spectrum. Therefore, a more flexible approach is to use edge triggering in conjunction with a specified gate delay and gate length to precisely define the time period in which to measure the signal. RF signal Gate signal Figure 2-34. Level triggering: the spectrum analyzer only measures the frequency spectrum when gate trigger signal is above a certain level Consider the GSM signal with eight time slots in Figure 2-35. Each burst is 0.577 ms and the full frame is 4.615 ms. We may be interested in the spectrum of the signal during a specific time slot. For the purposes of this example, let’s assume that we are using only two of the eight available time slots, as shown in Figure 2-36. When we look at this signal in the frequency domain in Figure 2-37, we observe an unwanted spurious signal present in the spectrum. In order to troubleshoot the problem and find the source of this interfering signal, we need to determine the time slot in which it is occurring. If we wish to look at time slot 2, we set up the gate to trigger on the rising edge of burst 0, then specify a gate delay of 1.3 ms and a gate length of 0.3 ms, as shown in Figure 2-38. The gate delay assures that we only measure the spectrum of time slot 2 while the burst is fully on. Note that the gate delay value is carefully selected to avoid the rising edge of the burst, since we want to allow time for the RBW filtered signal to settle out before we make a measurement. Similarly, the gate length is chosen to avoid the falling edges of the burst. Figure 2-39 shows the spectrum of time slot 2, which reveals that the spurious signal is NOT caused by this burst. 40
Timeslots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Timeslots Figure 2-35. A TDMA format signal (in this case, GSM) with eight time slots Figure 2-37. The signal in the frequency domain Figure 2-36. A zero span (time domain) view of the two time slots Figure 2-38. Time gating is used to look at the spectrum of time slot 2 Figure 2-39. <strong>Spectrum</strong> of the pulse in time slot 2 41
Page 1 and 2: Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics Ap
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents — continued Cha
Page 5 and 6: Some measurements require that we p
Page 7 and 8: Figure 1-3. Harmonic distortion tes
Page 9 and 10: While we have defined spectrum anal
Page 11 and 12: Since the output of a spectrum anal
Page 13 and 14: We need to pick an LO frequency and
Page 15 and 16: To separate closely spaced signals
Page 17 and 18: Agilent data sheets describe the ab
Page 19 and 20: This allows us to calculate the fil
Page 21 and 22: Some modern spectrum analyzers allo
Page 23 and 24: On the other hand, the rise time of
Page 25 and 26: The width of the resolution (IF) fi
Page 27 and 28: The “bucket” concept is importa
Page 29 and 30: Peak (positive) detection One way t
Page 31 and 32: The normal detection algorithm: If
Page 33 and 34: EMI detectors: average and quasi-pe
Page 35 and 36: The effect is most noticeable in me
Page 37 and 38: Thus, the display gradually converg
Page 39: In some cases, time-gating capabili
Page 43 and 44: Gated sweep Gated sweep, sometimes
Page 45 and 46: In Chapter 2, we did a filter skirt
Page 47 and 48: Custom signal processing IC Turning
Page 49 and 50: Chapter 4 Amplitude and Frequency A
Page 51 and 52: Following the input filter are the
Page 53 and 54: Improving overall uncertainty When
Page 55 and 56: Examples Let’s look at some ampli
Page 57 and 58: In a factory setting, there is ofte
Page 59 and 60: Because the input attenuator has no
Page 61 and 62: Noise figure Many receiver manufact
Page 63 and 64: Using these expressions, we’ll se
Page 65 and 66: Let’s first test the two previous
Page 67 and 68: This is the 2.5 dB factor that we a
Page 69 and 70: When we add a preamplifier to our a
Page 71 and 72: 2D dB 3D dB 3D dB 3D dB With a cons
Page 73 and 74: We can construct a similar line for
Page 75 and 76: Figure 6-2 shows the dynamic range
Page 77 and 78: Dynamic range versus measurement un
Page 79 and 80: Let’s see what happened to our dy
Page 81 and 82: The range of the log amplifier can
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 7 Extending the Frequency R
Page 85 and 86: Next let’s see to what extent har
Page 87 and 88: In examining Figure 7-5, we find so
Page 89 and 90: Can we conclude from this discussio
Page 91 and 92:
Amplitude calibration So far, we ha
Page 93 and 94:
From the graph, we see that a -10 d
Page 95 and 96:
Pluses and minuses of preselection
Page 97 and 98:
Table 7-1 shows the harmonic mixing
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 7-15. Which ones are the rea
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 7-18. The image suppress fun
Page 103 and 104:
Other examples of built-in measurem
Page 105 and 106:
Digital modulation analysis The com
Page 107 and 108:
Data transfer and remote instrument
Page 109 and 110:
Summary The objective of this appli
Page 111 and 112:
Delta marker: A mode in which a fix
Page 113 and 114:
Frequency stability: A general phra
Page 115 and 116:
LO feedthrough: The response on the
Page 117 and 118:
Residual responses: Discrete respon
Page 119 and 120:
Video: In a spectrum analyzer, a te
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