Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics - Agilent Technologies
Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics - Agilent Technologies
Agilent Spectrum Analysis Basics - Agilent Technologies
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Frequency accuracy<br />
So far, we have focused almost exclusively on amplitude measurements.<br />
What about frequency measurements? Again, we can classify two broad<br />
categories, absolute and relative frequency measurements. Absolute<br />
measurements are used to measure the frequencies of specific signals.<br />
For example, we might want to measure a radio broadcast signal to verify<br />
that it is operating at its assigned frequency. Absolute measurements are also<br />
used to analyze undesired signals, such as when doing a spur search. Relative<br />
measurements, on the other hand, are useful to know how far apart spectral<br />
components are, or what the modulation frequency is.<br />
Up until the late 1970s, absolute frequency uncertainty was measured in<br />
megahertz because the first LO was a high-frequency oscillator operating<br />
above the RF range of the analyzer, and there was no attempt to tie the LO to<br />
a more accurate reference oscillator. Today’s LOs are synthesized to provide<br />
better accuracy. Absolute frequency uncertainty is often described under<br />
the frequency readout accuracy specification and refers to center frequency,<br />
start, stop, and marker frequencies.<br />
With the introduction of the <strong>Agilent</strong> 8568A in 1977, counter-like frequency<br />
accuracy became available in a general-purpose spectrum analyzer and<br />
ovenized oscillators were used to reduce drift. Over the years, crystal<br />
reference oscillators with various forms of indirect synthesis have been<br />
added to analyzers in all cost ranges. The broadest definition of indirect<br />
synthesis is that the frequency of the oscillator in question is in some way<br />
determined by a reference oscillator. This includes techniques such as phase<br />
lock, frequency discrimination, and counter lock.<br />
What we really care about is the effect these changes have had on frequency<br />
accuracy (and drift). A typical readout accuracy might be stated as follows:<br />
±[(freq readout x freq ref error) + A% of span + B% of RBW + C Hz]<br />
Note that we cannot determine an exact frequency error unless we know<br />
something about the frequency reference. In most cases we are given an<br />
annual aging rate, such as ±1 x 10 -7 per year, though sometimes aging is<br />
given over a shorter period (for example, ±5 x 10 -10 per day). In addition,<br />
we need to know when the oscillator was last adjusted and how close it was<br />
set to its nominal frequency (usually 10 MHz). Other factors that we often<br />
overlook when we think about frequency accuracy include how long the<br />
reference oscillator has been operating. Many oscillators take 24 to 72 hours<br />
to reach their specified drift rate. To minimize this effect, some spectrum<br />
analyzers continue to provide power to the reference oscillator as long as the<br />
instrument is plugged into the AC power line. In this case, the instrument is<br />
not really turned “off,” but more properly is on “standby.” We also need to<br />
consider the temperature stability, as it can be worse than the drift rate.<br />
In short, there are a number of factors to consider before we can determine<br />
frequency uncertainty.<br />
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