ON TESTIS AND EPlDlDYMlS OF RATS - Pondicherry University ...

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01.. 1996). Expression of extracellular superoxidc dismutasc has bccn rcportcd in the Sertoli cells of rat testis (Mruk and Cheng, 2000b). Mitochondria1 respiration has been shown to be the main biological source of superoxide anion radicals under physiological conditions (for review, see Chance er a/. 1979). Antioxidants have been described as substances that either directly or indirectly protect cells against adverse effects of xenobiotics, drugs, carcinogens and toxic radicals reactions (Halliwell, 1995). Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (a tocopherol), vitamin A, p-carotene, glutathione, superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidasel reductase, nitric oxide synthase have been classified as antioxidants (Krishna er a/.. 1996; Halliwell, 1999). The antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid have been shown to enable it to protect tissues from reactive oxygen species (Luck ef a/., 1995). Ascorbic acid has been shown to scavenge free radicals caused as a result of environmental pollution and cellular metabolism (Dawson er 01.. 1990). Vitamin E has been shown to function as a chain breaking antioxidant in the cell membrane and plasma lipoproteins (Halliwell. 1999). Lipid peroxidation has been shown to be initiated by hydroxy- (OH). alkoxy- (RO), and peroxy- (ROO) radicals (Tramer el al., 1998). Cell membranes, which are structurally made up of large amounts of PUFA has been shown to be highly susceptible to oxidative attack and consequently changes in membrane fluidity, permeability. and cellular metabolic functions (Lenzi el 01.. 1994). Co-administration of vitamin E with mercuric chloride has been shown to prevent the reduction of epididymal sperm counts, motility and morphology as well as succinic dehydrogenase, ATPase, sialic acid. ascorbic acid and glutathione (Rao and Sharrna 2001).
2 SCOPE <strong>OF</strong> THE PRESENT STUDY There has been increasing awareness of the possible effects of environmental contaminants on male reproduction. Several studies have shown that male reproductive system is getting deteriorated during the last Tew decades resulting in reduced sperm counts and increased testicular and prostate cancer in men. In the present studies the effects of one of the most potent environmental contaminants, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibe11~0-p-dioxin (TCDD), were studied on male reproductive functions using rat as an experimental model. TCDD is formed as an unwanted by- product in the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons and has also been shown to be formed in incineration processes, paper and pulp bleachings, emission from steel foundries and motor vehicles. The lipophilicity and low rate of metabolism leads to its accumulation and persistence in adipose tissues. Involvement of aryl hydrocarbon receptor has been proposed to explain for the toxicity of TCDD and its congeners. However. the nature and mechanism of action of TCDD on male reproduction remains unclear. Recently many environmental contaminants have been reported lo disturb the prooxidant and antioxidant balance of the cells by generating reactive oxygen species and oxygen free radicals thereby inducing oxidative stress. which has been shown to impair male reproduction. The present studies were undertaken to evaluate the effect of TCDD on rhe antioxidant system of testis and epididymis of rats. Funher. w-administration of antioxidant such as vitamin E was evaluated for its protective effect against TCDD induced toxicity. In the present studies the body weight of the rats were recorded to monitor the general health status and weight of the testis along with daily sperm production. dianleters of seminiferous tubules iu~d lumen werc taken to assess maintenance ot' testicular functions of rats. The weights of epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate along with kidney were taken to assess the bioavailability and/ or production
Page 1 and 2: FUNCTIONAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS O
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No ACKNOWLED
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Deter
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Effec
Page 11 and 12: TAULIC OF CON'I'ISN'I'S (C'untinued
Page 13 and 14: xi LIST OF TABLES (Continued) I'agc
Page 15 and 16: Table 24a Table 24b Table 24c Table
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Effect of TCDD on the
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 12c Fig. 12d Fig. 13 Fig. 14a
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Fig. 23
Page 23 and 24: LH M PL mg mRNA N AD NADH NADP NADP
Page 25 and 26: layers, an outer layer of visceral
Page 27 and 28: tubular epithelium and continually
Page 29 and 30: lmn~unization of monkeys against FS
Page 31 and 32: and this reaction is catalyzed by t
Page 33 and 34: extratubular environment or synthes
Page 35 and 36: the most active in protein secretio
Page 37 and 38: 1958). A rapid fall in serum testos
Page 39 and 40: have also been reported in the rats
Page 41 and 42: Effect of TCDD on heart muscle has
Page 43: 1.4 Effect of oxidative stress on m
Page 47 and 48: 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Animals
Page 49 and 50: Subgroup III: Administration of TCD
Page 51 and 52: choppcd with the help of sharp razo
Page 53 and 54: anti-FSH antibody. After incubation
Page 55 and 56: lust sped (500 to 700 rpm) on an or
Page 57 and 58: 3.13.4 Quantitative determinntiun u
Page 59 and 60: The plates were dried by inverting
Page 61 and 62: centrifuged at 3,500 g for I5 min o
Page 63 and 64: 3.17 Preparation of tiasue humogena
Page 65 and 66: supcrnutant was taken. Hlunk was pr
Page 67 and 68: 3.21.4 Assay of glutathione peroxid
Page 69: 4 RESULTS 4.1 Administration of TCD
Page 72 and 73: seminiferous tubules was found to b
Page 74 and 75: fractions of rat testis as compared
Page 76 and 77: 4.1.11.1 Effect of TCDD on the prod
Page 78 and 79: 4.2 Co-administration of TCDD and v
Page 80 and 81: 4.2.8 Effect of co-administration o
Page 82 and 83: 4.2.11.5 Effect of co-administratio
Page 84 and 85: Table I b. Effect of TCDD on the we
Page 86 and 87: Table 4. Effect of TCDD on the seru
Page 88 and 89: Table 7b. Effect of TCDD on the pro
Page 90 and 91: Table 8c. Effect of TCDD on the lev
Page 92 and 93: Table 9d. Effect of TCDD on the act
Page 94 and 95:
Table 13. Effect of TCDD on the ant
Page 96 and 97:
Table 15. Effect of TCDD on the lev
Page 98 and 99:
Table 16c. Effcct of TCDD on the an
Page 100 and 101:
Table 18a. Effect of co-administrat
Page 103 and 104:
Table 21. Effect of co-administrati
Page 105 and 106:
Table 24b. Effect of co-administrat
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Table 25c. Effect of co-administrat
Page 109 and 110:
Table 26d. Effect of co-administrat
Page 111 and 112:
Table 30. Effect of co-administrati
Page 113 and 114:
Table 32. Effect of caadrninistrati
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Table 33c. Effcct of co-administrut
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5 DISCUSSION 5.1 Significance of th
Page 119 and 120:
Measurement of weights of the acces
Page 121 and 122:
compartment of the cells (Chainy el
Page 123 and 124:
the reduction in daily sperm produc
Page 125 and 126:
eported in the TCDD-treated rats (M
Page 127 and 128:
lilnction is to ililcrccpt lipid pc
Page 129 and 130:
in the animals administered with TC
Page 131 and 132:
protective effects on serum testost
Page 133:
suygcstccl that vivamin 1: conld im
Page 136 and 137:
Fig.4~. ENect of TCDD or TCDD and v
Page 138:
tE W d In w it I I (,OCX) 3s PUB (,
Page 142 and 143:
Fig. 7c. Effect of TCDD or TCDD and
Page 145 and 146:
u 3 f ~ = m w * N O .- ~Slew aew en
Page 147 and 148:
Fig.lOb. ENmt of TCDD or TCDD and v
Page 151:
Fig. 1Ir Effect of TCDD or TCDD md
Page 158 and 159:
Fig. 14c. Effect of TCDD or TCDD an
Page 160 and 161:
Fig. 16b. Effect of TCDD or TCDD an
Page 164 and 165:
Fig.18~. EKect of TCDD or TCDD and
Page 166 and 167:
1 1.2 l4 Fig. 19b. ENect of TCDD or
Page 168 and 169:
Fig. ZOb. Elkt of TCDD or TCDD and
Page 171 and 172:
Fig. 21. Effect olTCDD or TCDD and
Page 173 and 174:
Fig. 22c. Effect of TCDD or TCDD an
Page 175 and 176:
Fig. 24b. Eflect ofTCDD or TCDD and
Page 177 and 178:
7 REFERENCES Aitken RJ, Irvine DS,
Page 179 and 180:
Chitm KC, Latchoumycandanc,C, Mathu
Page 181 and 182:
Flsher JS, Turner KJ, Brown D, Shar
Page 183 and 184:
Hornsby PJ. Regulation of cytochrom
Page 185 and 186:
Latcboumycandane C, Chitra KC, Math
Page 187 and 188:
Moore RW, Panona JA, Bookstaff RC,
Page 189 and 190:
Rommerts FFG, Cooke BA, Van Der Kem
Page 191 and 192:
Slaunwhite WR, Burgett MJ. h virro
Page 193 and 194:
1.1 Preparation of dosing solution
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1.4.6 Wash concentrate One bottle,
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1.7.3 Estradiol controls Two vials.
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1.1 1.2 Orcinol(6%) 6 g of orcinol
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1.16.2 Horseradish peroxidase (8 Un
Page 203 and 204:
1.20 Superoxide dismutase 1.20.1 Tr
Page 205 and 206:
1.24.2 Thiobarbituric acid (TBA; 0.
Page 207 and 208:
Chronic effect: of enclosulfan on t
Page 209:
enbw1h1.W mu IUY Wcab unpiliml~t at
Page 212 and 213:
cbniuis 11~11 b"nci:~lc ~wlive oxyg
Page 214 and 215:
DNA, RNA ;uxl Wcin wcrr abarval, wh
Page 216 and 217:
Mt~~m(10-lZsu&)vacob- Wfmn Ihehml ~
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New Delhi, llrliil Ib SCI~KK Rcm& M
Page 220 and 221:
tiii~lc rcprmluction or rut (Cllitr
Page 222 and 223:
wciglit (b.wt.) per day for 45 days
Page 224 and 225:
0.1 00 01 " 0.8 I . .lo Dl* rcnn IW
Page 226 and 227:
Chilr:~. K.C.. L!olnn!myci!~dum. C.
Page 228 and 229:
C. hteboumyeradlos . KC. CMtn . P.P
Page 230 and 231:
I. 1 Ilal 01 2 1.7 # I c I ~ ~ L I
Page 232 and 233:
Fin. L Corrclatwn bclwfcn "perm cou
Page 235:
Iionshii nepmdvctivc mxicity ad upt
Page 240 and 241:
o. Glutathione reductage mg pmWn mg
Page 242 and 243:
IOWAME -. Tor. #558517 PME: 9 SESS:
Page 244 and 245:
JOBNAME: Rqm. Tm. M5W7 PAOB: 11 SBS
Page 246 and 247:
t 02 ELSEVIER Toricology OM) (2W1)
Page 248 and 249:
---- - wcre obtu~ncd from E-Monk. G
Page 250:
3.2. A,III~AILNI syrlo~t of ,nIroch
Page 253 and 254:
Uc,#!dy. SC. N;tdcru. S , 1% Conlrb
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