413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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Table 4.6 Stakeholder Perceptions of the UCSE in San Diego, CA Venue Street and internet Escort services Erotic massage parlors Offender profile African American males age 16–22, estimated 50% involved in gangs Independent operators, mainly women Asians, primarily Chinese Employee profile Vulnerable women and girls from disadvantaged backgrounds; pimp-controlled and non Estimated 80% adult and 20% juveniles “Higher class” women Primarily Asian women, licensed massage therapists Evidence of prostitution X X X Evidence of trafficking X No, but law enforcement suspect there is Pricing Street: $40/hand job $60–80/oral sex $80–120/“full service” Internet: Avg. $120–140/half-hr. and $200/hr. $150–500 to show up, plus additional several hundred to several thousand for sex acts. 60–40 or 80–20 split between girl and escort agency $60 house fee for nonsexual massage, $50 of which goes to house. Worker keeps $10, tips, and what they earn through sexual acts. Open/ Closed customer base Open Open Open Customer profile Men of all races/ ethnicities Military men are common Men of all races/ ethnicities Wealthier men are common Men of all races/ ethnicities Link to gangs, drugs, weapons, or organized crime Extremely connected to local gangs, estimated 50% of pimps are gang-involved. Circuit includes Anaheim, Orange County, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, and Phoenix Larger circuit includes Seattle, Alaska, San Antonio, Dallas, Houston, Chicago, Miami, and Atlanta Evidence that Asian massage parlors are run by large criminal organization throughout the United States and other countries, originating from China Brothels, including migrant camp brothels Latino men Hispanic females X No, but law enforcement suspect there is $60–120 per sex act $20–80 cash for variety of sex acts Closed Hispanic men, typically migrant workers Criminal enterprises throughout Mexico and Central and South America 101
Street and Internet Similar to the other cities in this study, street and online sex work are the most prevalent and visible venues within the UCSE in San Diego. 51 These venues contain pimp-controlled and non-pimp-controlled individuals. Whereas street prostitution was the primary venue just five or six years ago, the Internet changed the entire UCSE landscape in San Diego. As one law enforcement officer stated, “I think that [the Internet] is the driver as to why this is becoming such a huge issue, because there’s probably only five places where you have street walkers in San Diego, maybe five or six that we actually have street prostitution and they’re very limited in areas.” The sex work conducted between the street and online remains fluid. Law enforcement noted that Internet ads might be high one moment and then, all of the sudden, there are bursts of activity on the “blade.” 52 Pimps are believed to feel safer posting ads online, as opposed to having their women and girls working the street. In-calls were considered the safest method since the john has to come to the sex workers. Outcalls used to be more popular; however, law enforcement commonly conducted out-call stings, where the sex worker would come to them. Due to this, pimps eventually learned not to send women on out-calls. However, as law enforcement continues to implement new tactics, pimps continue to adapt: And they’ve adapted which is really kind of the most interesting part of it is that when we first started doing this, we could [conduct] out-calls where girls would come to us and we would set up car dates where we would meet them and do car dates and it was just a dime a dozen and we couldn’t do ‘em fast enough because we would line up so many dates and then after about a year of doing that, we got to where we couldn’t get a girl to come out for a date. They adapted to the tactics that we were doing, they knew what to look for. They had already been doing a lot of counter surveillance with us anyway, but now they completely changed their M.O., as far as they would only go to very nice hotels. We would get a hotel room, we couldn’t get anybody to come or before we could almost line ‘em up and so it was very interesting to see how they adapted to our tactics and what we were doing and we had to change things. (San Diego Law Enforcement Official) Law enforcement has come to rely on certain websites, such as Craigslist and Backpage, to help identify women and girls who may be trafficked. Scouring these websites requires little manpower and resources to find individuals who might be underage or pimp-controlled. Several stakeholders felt that shutting down the “Adult Encounters” section of Craigslist made their jobs more difficult: Getting rid of Craigslist.com was actually a disservice to law enforcement because they were cooperating. They are a legitimate business but they just have this illegitimate side. So they were cooperating with us in many ways and when they went away it is kind of like the hydra, when we took one away five more popped up. (Federal Law Enforcement Official) I know that there’s a lot of talk in trying to shut down Backpage and that kind of stuff. I’m actually against that ‘cause if you shut down Backpage, you shut down those things that we use, it’ll only go further underground. If it went completely underground, we would never find it and Backpage, at least we can continue to target it. … and if you do that, if you shut it down, it’ll only go further underground. (San Diego Law Enforcement Official) 51 Due to the size and complexity of the street and online markets, this section will include sub-headings. Most of the sub-sections will focus on pimps and their business structures. 52 A public location where sex workers congregate and solicit clients. 102
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R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Introduction and Review of the Lite
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Market Changes ....................
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Appendix G ........................
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Main Findings We highlight 17 main
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6. For offenders, the prevalence of
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Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
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information about populations that
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In chapters three through eight, we
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seven sites were finalized in June
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individuals we wanted to interview.
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a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
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using interview data for the relati
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Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
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Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
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We also looked to estimates of the
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In this work, the LoCC will be invo
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1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a v
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Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
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direct estimation method applied to
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in column 3 of the table below. The
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1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
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1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
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Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
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Note that the entries in the tables
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1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
Page 59 and 60: Where the above table shows actual
Page 61 and 62: 1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
Page 63 and 64: The table suggests that three citie
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives
Page 67 and 68: Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
Page 69 and 70: Brothels Law enforcement reported t
Page 71 and 72: The other thing we do have is in th
Page 73 and 74: Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
Page 77 and 78: that we’ve done because when we
Page 79 and 80: Although African American men compr
Page 81 and 82: I think what we are really talking
Page 83 and 84: actually go to them to find you wha
Page 85 and 86: Truckers The underground commercial
Page 87 and 88: Street and Internet Similar to othe
Page 89 and 90: Street/Internet-based pimps are net
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
Page 93 and 94: promising sign that law enforcement
Page 95 and 96: On the Latino brothel front we foun
Page 97 and 98: Street Street-based commercial sex
Page 99 and 100: majority of prostitutes. That does
Page 101 and 102: potential paper trail. Money was re
Page 103 and 104: Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
Page 105 and 106: Internet and Street Similar to what
Page 107 and 108: Pimps have always been mobile, movi
Page 109: San Diego, California Eighteen indi
Page 113 and 114: are not documented by the police as
Page 115 and 116: always look for the most vulnerable
Page 117 and 118: hotels in their name … they have
Page 119 and 120: eliminated from having to follow a
Page 121 and 122: the room is, so it a three bedroom
Page 123 and 124: Street and Internet Seattle, like m
Page 125 and 126: Most of the gang members involved i
Page 127 and 128: Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
Page 129 and 130: getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
Page 133 and 134: need to be followed and pimps opera
Page 135 and 136: Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
Page 137 and 138: typically between the ages of 16 an
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
Page 141 and 142: Respondent Demographics Respondents
Page 143 and 144: presence of pimping in music and it
Page 145 and 146: Respondents distinguished between d
Page 147 and 148: Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
Page 149 and 150: Multiple factors related to neighbo
Page 151 and 152: wanted me to know. She fed me the g
Page 153 and 154: mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
Page 155 and 156: Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
Page 157 and 158: Another female interviewee, serving
Page 159 and 160: Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
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Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
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everything. I collected the money,
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they’ve made enough. That’s wha
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eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
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Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
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affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
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Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
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e escaping one life or seeking anot
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Mutual Dependency We are going to t
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money. I took care of who took care
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Rules One bad girl can knock your w
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Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
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encourage his employees to make mon
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have sex with each other when a con
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Competition Between Employees We ca
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little partner pull a gun on me. I
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Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
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pimp reported, “Usually you stay
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(D13). Another respondent reported
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Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
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7.1 presents the percentage of resp
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eported the costs of maintaining he
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hour special. In-calls only.” You
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used because respondents feared tha
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Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
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One respondent explained the evolut
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Finally, respondents also charged d
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transactions completed were in-call
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associated with their charges, thou
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Changes in the Field The field does
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“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
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connected through the same gang. Th
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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clients, served as a coping mechani
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Respondents worked in five of the e
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gays being together, men treating t
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multitude of environments including
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Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
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individuals in their social network
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The Makeup and Conditions of the St
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Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
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Interviewer: And was that in cash o
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Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
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new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
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Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
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explained, “A lot of guys would g
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Substances Participants felt that t
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A number of sex workers were caught
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I hear [other sex workers] talking
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while another respondent described
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the genital regions of clothed chil
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Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
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Technology It is widely accepted th
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Deep Web There is big problem that
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One offender acknowledged that purc
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The sample was almost evenly split
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One offender believed he knew what
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particular series When did this com
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One guy hacked into my computer one
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Production Location When asked wher
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availability, affordability, and an
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and eventually, it works its way to
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Law enforcement said they were able
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A national or international nexus w
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Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
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Law enforcement noted that travel c
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in public venues, utilized their ow
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Pimps who were aware of the penalti
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Practice Implications Investigative
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Policy Implications As the above fi
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Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
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child pornography. More research ne
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Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach t
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McMillan, John, and Pablo Zoido. 20
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US Department of Justice. 2010. The
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Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
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1. How many UCS cases has your agen
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8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
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If you have any additional question
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18:2421 Transportation generally 18
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these case reviews as supplementing
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Point-person designation The person
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Voluntary Participation: You may re
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Part I: Background information 1. W
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Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
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a. If yes, how did you learn about
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Part I: Background information 46.
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70. Are there any differences in th
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89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
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19. Who did what How was that decid
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Technology Questions These question
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discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
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Voluntary Participation. You may re
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Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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