413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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References Aiken, M., M. Moran, and M. J. Berry. 2011. “Child Abuse Material and the Internet: Cyberpsychology of Online Child Related Sex Offending.” Presented at 29th meeting of the INTERPOL Specialist Group on Crimes against Children, Lyons, France, September 5– 7. Alexy, Eileen M., Ann W. Burgess, and Timothy Baker. 2005. “Internet Offenders: Traders, Travelers, and Combination Trader- Travelers.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 20 (7): 804–12. Antonopoulou, Christina, and Nicoletta Skoufalos. 2006. “Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Trafficking.” Annals of General Psychiatry 5 (Suppl 1): S120. Aviv, Rachel. 2013. “The Science of Sex Abuse: Is It Right to Imprison People for Heinous Crimes They Have Not Yet Committed” The New Yorker, January 14. Babchishin, Kelly M., R. Karl Hanson, and Chantal A. Hermann. 2011. “The Characteristics of Online Sex Offenders: A Metaanalysis.” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 23 (1): 92–123. Bahney, Benjamin W., Radha K. Iyengar, Patrick B. Johnston, Danielle F. Jung, Jacob N. Shapiro, and Howard J. Shatz. 2013. “Insurgent Compensation: Evidence from Iraq.” American Economic Review 103 (3): 518–22. Bales, Kevin, and Steven Lize. 2005. “Trafficking in Persons in the United States.” Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Barry, Kathleen. 1996. The Prostitution of Sexuality. New York: New York University Press. Belser, Patrick. 2005. “Forced Labour and Human Trafficking: Estimating the Profits.” Working Paper 42. Geneva: International Labour Office. Bevan, James. 2004. “Big Issue, Big Problem MANPADS.” In Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk (76–97). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bialik, Carl. 2006. “Measuring the Child-Porn Trade.” Wall Street Journal, April 18. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB114485422875624000.html. Boles, Jacqueline, and Kirk W. Elifson. 1994. “The Social Organization of Transvestite Prostitution and AIDS.” Social Science and Medicine 39 (1): 85–93. Bourke, Michael L., and Andres E. Hernandez. 2009. “The ‘Butner Study’ Redux: A Report of the Incidence of Hands-on Child Victimization by Child Pornography Offenders.” Journal of Family Violence 24 (3): 183–91. Brennan, Denise. 2005. “Methodological Challenges in Research with Trafficked Persons: Tales from the Field.” International Migration 43 (1–2): 35–54. Brewer, Devon D., Jonathan A. Dudek, John J. Potterat, Stephen Q. Muth, John M. Roberts, and Donald E. Woodhouse. 2006. “Extent, Trends, and Perpetrators of Prostitution-Related Homicide in the United States.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 51 (5): 1101– 08. Buettner, Russ. 2012. “Prosecutors Focus on Pimps and Clients, Instead of Prostitutes.” New York Times, May 2. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/03/nyregion/manhattan-prosecutors-focus-on-pimps-instead-of-prostitutes.html_r=0. Campbell, Rebecca, Courtney E. Ahrens, Tracy Sefl, and Marcia L. Clark. 2003. “The Relationship between Adult Sexual Assault and Prostitution: An Exploratory Analysis.” Violence and Victims 18 (3): 299–317. Cardwell, Diane. 2002. “Officials Say Sex Trade Lures Younger Girls.” New York Times, December 7. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/07/nyregion/officials-say-sex-trade-lures-younger-girls.html. Carson, E. Ann, and William J. Sabol. 2012. Prisoners in 2011. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Church, Stephanie, Marion Henderson, Marina Barnard, and Graham Hart. 2001. “Violence by Clients towards Female Prostitutes in Different Work Settings: Questionnaire Survey.” British Medical Journal 322 (7285): 524–25. Clawson, Heather J., Mary Layne, and Kevonne Small. 2006. Estimating Human Trafficking into the United States: Development of a Methodology. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Clawson, Heather J., Kevonne Small, Ellen S. Go, and Bradley W. Myles. 2003. Needs Assessment for Service Providers and Trafficking Victims. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Cobbina, Jennifer E., and Sharon S. Oselin. 2011. “It’s Not Only for the Money: An Analysis of Adolescent versus Adult Entry into Street Prostitution.” Sociological Inquiry 81 (3): 310–32. Cooper, Al Ed. 2002. Sex and the Internet: A Guidebook for Clinicians. New York: Brunner-Routledge. 295
Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach to Protection and Law Enforcement under the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act.” Emory Law Journal 51: 1041–58. Covenant House. 2013. Homelessness, Survival Sex and Human Trafficking: As Experienced by the Youth of Covenant House New York. New York: Covenant House. Coy, Maddy, and Maria Garner. 2012. “Definitions, Discourses and Dilemmas: Policy and Academic Engagement with the Sexualisation of Popular Culture.” Gender and Education 24 (3): 285–301. Cunningham, Scott, and Todd D. Kendall. 2009. “Prostitution, Technology, and the Law: New Data and Directions.” In Research Handbook on the Economics of Family Law, edited by Lloyd R. Cohen and Joshua D. Wright. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. ———. 2011. “Prostitution 2.0: The Changing Face of Sex Work.” Journal of Urban Economics 69 (3): 273–87. Dalla, Rochelle L. 2000. “Exposing the ‘Pretty Woman’ Myth: A Qualitative Examination of the Lives of Female Streetwalking Prostitutes.” Journal of Sex Research 37 (4): 344–53. DellaVigna, Stefano, and Eliana La Ferrara. 2007. “Detecting Illegal Arms Trade.” Working Paper 13355. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Ditmore, Melissa. 2009. Kicking Down the Door: The Use of Raids to Fight Trafficking in Persons. New York: Urban Justice Center, Sex Workers Project. ———. 2010. Prostitution and Sex Work. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Durkin, Keith F., and Clifton D. Bryant. 1999. “Propagandizing Pederasty: A Thematic Analysis of the On-line Exculpatory Accounts of Unrepentant Pedophiles.” Deviant Behavior 20 (2): 103–27. Elliott, Ian A., and Anthony R. Beech. 2009. “Understanding Online Child Pornography Use: Applying Sexual Offense Theory to Internet Offenders.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 14 (3): 180–93. Farley, Melissa, and Howard Barkan. 1998. “Prostitution, Violence, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.” Women and Health 27 (3): 37–49. Farley, Melissa, and Vanessa Kelly. 2000. “Prostitution: A Critical Review of the Medical and Social Sciences Literature.” Women & Criminal Justice 11 (4): 29–64. Farley, Melissa, Ann Cotton, Jacqueline Lynne, Sybille Zumbeck, Frida Spiwak, Maria E. Reyes, Dinorah Alvarez, and Ufuk Sezgin. 2004. “Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.” Journal of Trauma Practice 2 (3–4): 33–74. Farrell, A., J. McDevitt, N. Perry, S. Fahy, K. Chamberlain, W. Adams, C. Owens, M. Dank, M. Shively, R. Kling, and K. Wheeler. 2010. Review of Existing Estimates of Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States and Recommendations for Improving Research and Measurement of Human Trafficking. Washington, DC: The Alliance to End Slavery and Trafficking. Fink, Erica, and Laurie Segall. 2013. “Pimps Hit Networks to Recruit Underage Sex Workers. CNN Money, February 27. http://money.cnn.com/2013/02/27/technology/social/pimps-social-networks/index.html. Fleming, Matthew H., John Roman, and Graham Farrell. 2000. “The Shadow Economy.” Journal of International Affairs 53 (2): 387–409. Flowers, R. Barri. 2010. Street Kids: The Lives of Runaway and Thrownaway Teens. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. Fullilove, Mindy Thompson, E. Anne Lown, and Robert E. Fullilove. 1992. “Crack Hos and Skeezers: Traumatic Experiences of Women Crack Users.” Journal of Sex Research 29 (2): 275–87. Government Accountability Office. 2006. Human Trafficking: Better Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance US Anti- Trafficking Efforts Abroad. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office. Gozdziak, Elzbieta M., and Micah N. Bump. 2008. Data and Research on Human Trafficking: Bibliography of Research-Based Literature. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University. Grady, Barbara. 2008. “Prosecutor Targets Pimps, Not Girls.” Oroville Mercury-Register, April 23. http://www.orovillemr.com/news/ci_9024565. Graham, Nanette, and Eric D. Wish. 1994. “Drug Use among Female Arrestees: Onset, Patterns, and Relationships to Prostitution.” Journal of Drug Issues 24: 315–29. Greenberg, Elizabeth, Eric Dunleavy, and Mark Kutner. 2007. Literacy Behind Bars: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy Prison Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Harcourt, Christine, and Basil Donovan. 2005. “The Many Faces of Sex Work.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 81 (3): 201–06. Harrison, Lana D., Steven S. Martin, Tihomir Enev, and Deborah Harrington. 2007. Comparing Drug Testing and Self-Report of Drug Use among Youths and Young Adults in the General Population. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. 296
Page 1 and 2:
R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Introduction and Review of the Lite
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Market Changes ....................
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Appendix G ........................
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Main Findings We highlight 17 main
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6. For offenders, the prevalence of
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Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
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information about populations that
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In chapters three through eight, we
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seven sites were finalized in June
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individuals we wanted to interview.
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a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
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using interview data for the relati
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Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
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Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
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We also looked to estimates of the
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In this work, the LoCC will be invo
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1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a v
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Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
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direct estimation method applied to
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in column 3 of the table below. The
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1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
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1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
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Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
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Note that the entries in the tables
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1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
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Where the above table shows actual
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1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
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The table suggests that three citie
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Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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Brothels Law enforcement reported t
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The other thing we do have is in th
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Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
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Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
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that we’ve done because when we
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Although African American men compr
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I think what we are really talking
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actually go to them to find you wha
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Truckers The underground commercial
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Street and Internet Similar to othe
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Street/Internet-based pimps are net
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Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
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promising sign that law enforcement
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On the Latino brothel front we foun
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Street Street-based commercial sex
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majority of prostitutes. That does
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potential paper trail. Money was re
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Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
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Internet and Street Similar to what
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Pimps have always been mobile, movi
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San Diego, California Eighteen indi
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Street and Internet Similar to the
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are not documented by the police as
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always look for the most vulnerable
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hotels in their name … they have
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eliminated from having to follow a
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the room is, so it a three bedroom
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Street and Internet Seattle, like m
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Most of the gang members involved i
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Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
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getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
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Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
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need to be followed and pimps opera
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Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
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typically between the ages of 16 an
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Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
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Respondent Demographics Respondents
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presence of pimping in music and it
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Respondents distinguished between d
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Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
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Multiple factors related to neighbo
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wanted me to know. She fed me the g
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mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
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Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
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Another female interviewee, serving
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Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
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Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
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everything. I collected the money,
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they’ve made enough. That’s wha
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eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
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Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
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affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
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Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
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e escaping one life or seeking anot
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Mutual Dependency We are going to t
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money. I took care of who took care
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Rules One bad girl can knock your w
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Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
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encourage his employees to make mon
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have sex with each other when a con
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Competition Between Employees We ca
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little partner pull a gun on me. I
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Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
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pimp reported, “Usually you stay
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(D13). Another respondent reported
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Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
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7.1 presents the percentage of resp
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eported the costs of maintaining he
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hour special. In-calls only.” You
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used because respondents feared tha
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Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
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One respondent explained the evolut
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Finally, respondents also charged d
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transactions completed were in-call
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associated with their charges, thou
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Changes in the Field The field does
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“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
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connected through the same gang. Th
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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clients, served as a coping mechani
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Respondents worked in five of the e
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gays being together, men treating t
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multitude of environments including
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Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
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individuals in their social network
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The Makeup and Conditions of the St
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Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
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Interviewer: And was that in cash o
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Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
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new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
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Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
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explained, “A lot of guys would g
Page 253 and 254: Substances Participants felt that t
Page 255 and 256: A number of sex workers were caught
Page 257 and 258: I hear [other sex workers] talking
Page 259 and 260: while another respondent described
Page 261 and 262: the genital regions of clothed chil
Page 263 and 264: Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
Page 265 and 266: Technology It is widely accepted th
Page 267 and 268: Deep Web There is big problem that
Page 269 and 270: One offender acknowledged that purc
Page 271 and 272: The sample was almost evenly split
Page 273 and 274: One offender believed he knew what
Page 275 and 276: particular series When did this com
Page 277 and 278: One guy hacked into my computer one
Page 279 and 280: Production Location When asked wher
Page 281 and 282: availability, affordability, and an
Page 283 and 284: and eventually, it works its way to
Page 285 and 286: Law enforcement said they were able
Page 287 and 288: A national or international nexus w
Page 289 and 290: Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
Page 291 and 292: Law enforcement noted that travel c
Page 293 and 294: in public venues, utilized their ow
Page 295 and 296: Pimps who were aware of the penalti
Page 297 and 298: Practice Implications Investigative
Page 299 and 300: Policy Implications As the above fi
Page 301 and 302: Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
Page 303: child pornography. More research ne
Page 307 and 308: McMillan, John, and Pablo Zoido. 20
Page 309 and 310: US Department of Justice. 2010. The
Page 311 and 312: Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
Page 313 and 314: 1. How many UCS cases has your agen
Page 315 and 316: 8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
Page 317 and 318: If you have any additional question
Page 319 and 320: 18:2421 Transportation generally 18
Page 321 and 322: these case reviews as supplementing
Page 323 and 324: Point-person designation The person
Page 325 and 326: Voluntary Participation: You may re
Page 327 and 328: Part I: Background information 1. W
Page 329 and 330: Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
Page 331 and 332: a. If yes, how did you learn about
Page 333 and 334: Part I: Background information 46.
Page 335 and 336: 70. Are there any differences in th
Page 337 and 338: 89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
Page 339 and 340: 19. Who did what How was that decid
Page 341 and 342: Technology Questions These question
Page 343 and 344: discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
Page 345 and 346: Voluntary Participation. You may re
Page 347 and 348: Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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