413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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INDEX ~Symbols , 25 , 32 , 34 , 30 , 36 , 31 , 34 , 31 , 31 , 34 , 33 , 27,35 , 33 , 32 , 36 , 40 , 45 , 38 , 42 , 33 , 34 , 33 C, 31 , 31 , 33 D(c,t), 25 , 28 , 32 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 33 , 31 P, 31 , 31 S(c,t), 25 T, 29 , 31 W(c,t), 25 Z(c,t), 25 , 47 , 33 , 29 attraction force, 32 dark transactions, 27 direct estimation method, 32 gravitational law, 32 Gravity Model, 32 inter-city distances, 33 Law of Cash Conservation, 25 linear proxy, 28 LoCC, 25 logistic regression, 33 mean weekly gross cash intake per pimp, 28 naïve estimation method, 31 Newtonian mechanics, 32 pimp population size, 28 proxy, 27 splitting year, 29 UCSE, 25 visible transactions, 27 visited cities, 30 55
Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives on the Underground Commercial Sex Economy Introduction The US underground commercial sex economy comprises a multitude of venues and activities. These venues and activities include street and online sex work, escort services, massage parlors, and brothels. The UCSE has changed significantly over time—it used to mainly consist of street prostitution, whereas over the last decade, a majority of the business takes place on the Internet. Although there are sex workers 44 who work independently and voluntarily within the UCSE, there are a growing number of facilitators who operate underground commercial sex businesses in the United States and who represent a number of different ethnicities and nationalities. These facilitators, who are commonly referred to as pimps and traffickers, are known to use force, threats, and manipulation to recruit and control their employees. In many cases, they network with one another in order to maximize their profits and minimize their risk of being detected by law enforcement. This chapter is based on interviews with 119 stakeholders who represent various law enforcement departments and government agencies in the eight study sites. We document the perspectives and observations of these stakeholders around the underground commercial economy in their jurisdiction. More specifically, we discuss changes in the UCSE over the last five to ten years; income generated in this economy; facilitator and sex worker characteristics; networks between facilitators; and lastly, connections between the underground weapons, drugs, and sex economies. In addition to documenting the perspectives of the stakeholders, this chapter also provides maps of erotic massage parlor locations in each of the eight study sites for the years 2011 and 2013. The massage parlor locations were downloaded from the website www.eroticmp.com which provides the addresses of massage parlors, in addition to client reviews of the women that work in them. 45 Although we do not attempt to provide reasons as to why there is displacement or a change in the number of massage parlors in each of the cities, we did want to show a visual representation of just how prevalent they are (and in some cases are not) in the study sites. As shown in figure 4.1, the number of erotic massage parlors is increasing in the United States (from 4,197 in 2011 to 4,790 in 2013), and they are proliferating beyond the West and East coasts where the majority of them are clustered. 44 Please see chapter 2 for a discussion on terminology 45 Although there was no way for us to know the legitimacy of the postings on this website, the individuals that post on eroticmp.com state that they closely monitor the site to ensure that the information posted is valid and legitimate. 56
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R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6:
Introduction and Review of the Lite
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Market Changes ....................
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Appendix G ........................
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Main Findings We highlight 17 main
Page 13 and 14: 6. For offenders, the prevalence of
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
Page 17 and 18: information about populations that
Page 19 and 20: In chapters three through eight, we
Page 21 and 22: seven sites were finalized in June
Page 23 and 24: individuals we wanted to interview.
Page 25 and 26: a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
Page 27 and 28: using interview data for the relati
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
Page 33 and 34: We also looked to estimates of the
Page 35 and 36: In this work, the LoCC will be invo
Page 37 and 38: 1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a v
Page 39 and 40: Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
Page 41 and 42: direct estimation method applied to
Page 43 and 44: in column 3 of the table below. The
Page 45 and 46: 1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
Page 47 and 48: 1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
Page 51 and 52: Note that the entries in the tables
Page 57 and 58: 1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
Page 59 and 60: Where the above table shows actual
Page 61 and 62: 1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
Page 63: The table suggests that three citie
Page 67 and 68: Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
Page 69 and 70: Brothels Law enforcement reported t
Page 71 and 72: The other thing we do have is in th
Page 73 and 74: Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
Page 77 and 78: that we’ve done because when we
Page 79 and 80: Although African American men compr
Page 81 and 82: I think what we are really talking
Page 83 and 84: actually go to them to find you wha
Page 85 and 86: Truckers The underground commercial
Page 87 and 88: Street and Internet Similar to othe
Page 89 and 90: Street/Internet-based pimps are net
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
Page 93 and 94: promising sign that law enforcement
Page 95 and 96: On the Latino brothel front we foun
Page 97 and 98: Street Street-based commercial sex
Page 99 and 100: majority of prostitutes. That does
Page 101 and 102: potential paper trail. Money was re
Page 103 and 104: Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
Page 105 and 106: Internet and Street Similar to what
Page 107 and 108: Pimps have always been mobile, movi
Page 109 and 110: San Diego, California Eighteen indi
Page 111 and 112: Street and Internet Similar to the
Page 113 and 114: are not documented by the police as
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always look for the most vulnerable
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hotels in their name … they have
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eliminated from having to follow a
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the room is, so it a three bedroom
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Street and Internet Seattle, like m
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Most of the gang members involved i
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Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
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getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
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Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
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need to be followed and pimps opera
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Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
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typically between the ages of 16 an
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Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
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Respondent Demographics Respondents
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presence of pimping in music and it
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Respondents distinguished between d
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Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
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Multiple factors related to neighbo
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wanted me to know. She fed me the g
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mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
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Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
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Another female interviewee, serving
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Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
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Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
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everything. I collected the money,
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they’ve made enough. That’s wha
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eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
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Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
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affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
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Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
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e escaping one life or seeking anot
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Mutual Dependency We are going to t
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money. I took care of who took care
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Rules One bad girl can knock your w
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Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
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encourage his employees to make mon
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have sex with each other when a con
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Competition Between Employees We ca
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little partner pull a gun on me. I
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Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
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pimp reported, “Usually you stay
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(D13). Another respondent reported
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Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
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7.1 presents the percentage of resp
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eported the costs of maintaining he
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hour special. In-calls only.” You
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used because respondents feared tha
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Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
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One respondent explained the evolut
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Finally, respondents also charged d
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transactions completed were in-call
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associated with their charges, thou
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Changes in the Field The field does
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“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
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connected through the same gang. Th
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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clients, served as a coping mechani
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Respondents worked in five of the e
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gays being together, men treating t
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multitude of environments including
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Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
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individuals in their social network
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The Makeup and Conditions of the St
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Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
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Interviewer: And was that in cash o
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Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
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new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
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Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
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explained, “A lot of guys would g
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Substances Participants felt that t
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A number of sex workers were caught
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I hear [other sex workers] talking
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while another respondent described
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the genital regions of clothed chil
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Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
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Technology It is widely accepted th
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Deep Web There is big problem that
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One offender acknowledged that purc
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The sample was almost evenly split
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One offender believed he knew what
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particular series When did this com
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One guy hacked into my computer one
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Production Location When asked wher
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availability, affordability, and an
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and eventually, it works its way to
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Law enforcement said they were able
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A national or international nexus w
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Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
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Law enforcement noted that travel c
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in public venues, utilized their ow
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Pimps who were aware of the penalti
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Practice Implications Investigative
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Policy Implications As the above fi
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Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
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child pornography. More research ne
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Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach t
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McMillan, John, and Pablo Zoido. 20
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US Department of Justice. 2010. The
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Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
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1. How many UCS cases has your agen
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8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
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If you have any additional question
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18:2421 Transportation generally 18
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these case reviews as supplementing
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Point-person designation The person
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Voluntary Participation: You may re
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Part I: Background information 1. W
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Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
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a. If yes, how did you learn about
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Part I: Background information 46.
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70. Are there any differences in th
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89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
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19. Who did what How was that decid
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Technology Questions These question
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discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
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Voluntary Participation. You may re
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Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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