413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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Heckathorn, Douglas D. 1997. “Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations.” Social Problems 44 (2): 174–99. Holt, Thomas J., Kristie R. Blevins, and Natasha Burkert. 2010. “Considering the Pedophile Subculture Online.” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 22 (1): 3–24. Hughes, Donna M. 2000. “The ‘Natasha’ Trade: The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking in Women.” Journal of International Affairs 53 (2): 1–18. Inciardi, James A., Dorothy Lockwood, and Anne E. Pottiger. 1993. Women and Crack-Cocaine. New York: Macmillan. Internet Watch Foundation. 2012. Internet Watch Foundation Annual and Charity Report 2012. Cambridge: Internet Watch Foundation. https://www.iwf.org.uk/assets/media/annual-reports/FINAL%20webfriendly%20IWF%202012%20Annual%20and%20Charity%20Report.pdf. Jackson, Ronald L., and Sakile K. Camara. 2010. “Scripting and Consuming Black Bodies in Hip Hop Music and Pimp Movies.” In Message in the Music: Hip Hop, History, and Pedagogy, edited by Derrick P. Aldridge, James B. Stewart, and V.P. Franklin (178– 203). Washington, DC: Association for the Study of African American Life and History. Jeal, N., and C. Salisbury. 2007. “Health Needs and Service Use of Parlor-Based Prostitutes Compared with Street-Based Prostitutes.” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 114 (7): 875–81. Jenkins, Philip. 2001. Beyond Tolerance: Child Pornography on the Internet. New York: New York University Press. Kara, Siddharth. 2009. Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. New York: Columbia University Press. Kilmer, Beau, and Rosalie L. Pacula. 2009. Estimating the Size of the Global Drug Market. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Kolker, Robert. 2013. “The New Prostitutes.” New York Times, June 29. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/29/thenew-prostitutes/. Kristof, Nicholas D. 2012. “How Pimps Use the Web to Sell Girls.” New York Times, January 25. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/opinion/how-pimps-use-the-web-to-sell-girls.html. Krone, Tony. 2004. A Typology of Online Child Pornography Offending. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. Kunze, Erin I. 2010. “Sex Trafficking via the Internet: How International Agreements Address the Problem and Fail to Go Far Enough.” Journal of High Technology Law 10 (2): 241–89. Kurtz, Steven P., Hilary L. Surratt, James A. Inciardi, and Marion C. Kiley. 2004. “Sex Work and ‘Date’ Violence.” Violence Against Women 10 (4): 357–85. Lanning, Kenneth A. 2010. “Cyber ‘Pedophiles:’ A Behavioral Perspective.” In Serial Offenders: Theory and Practice, edited by Keith Borgeson and Kristen Kuehnle (71–88). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Latonero, Mark, Genet Berhane, Ashley Hernandez, Tala Mohebi, and Lauren Movius. 2011. Human Trafficking Online: The Role of Social Networking Sites and Online Classifieds. Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy. Latonero, Mark, Jennifer Musto, Zhaleh Boyd, Ev Boyle, Amber Bissel, Kari Gibson, and Joanne Kim. 2012. The Rise of Mobile and the Diffusion of Technology-Facilitated Trafficking. Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy. Lever, Janet, and Deanne Dolnick. 2000. “Clients and Call Girls: Seeking Sex and Intimacy.” In Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry, edited by Ronald Weitzer (85–100). New York: Routledge. Levitt, Steven D., and Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh. 1998. “An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang’s Finances.” Working Paper 6592. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. ———. 2007. “An Empirical Analysis of Street-Level Prostitution.” Unpublished manuscript. Maalla, Najat M. 2009. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography. UN Human Rights Council. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4ab0d35a2.html. Maher, Lisa, and Richard Curtis. 1992. “Women on the Edge of Crime: Crack Cocaine and the Changing Contexts of Street-Level Sex Work in New York City.” Crime, Law and Social Change 18 (3): 221–58. Maher, Lisa, and Kathleen Daly. 1996. “Women in the Street-Level Drug Economy: Continuity or Change” Criminology 34 (4): 465–91. Malarek, Victor. 2009. The Johns: Sex for Sale and the Men Who Buy It. New York: Arcade Publishing. Marzulli, John. 2002. “New War on Public Pests.” New York Daily News, January 9. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/new-war-public-pests-commish-focuses-quality-life-article-1.478873. May, Tiggey, Alex Harocopos, and Michael Hough. 2000. For Love or Money: Pimps and the Management of Sex Work. London: Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate. 297
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Page 1 and 2:
R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6:
Introduction and Review of the Lite
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Market Changes ....................
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Appendix G ........................
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Main Findings We highlight 17 main
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6. For offenders, the prevalence of
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Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
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information about populations that
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In chapters three through eight, we
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seven sites were finalized in June
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individuals we wanted to interview.
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a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
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using interview data for the relati
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Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
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Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
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We also looked to estimates of the
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In this work, the LoCC will be invo
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1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a v
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Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
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direct estimation method applied to
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in column 3 of the table below. The
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1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
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1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
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Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
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Note that the entries in the tables
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Page 55 and 56:
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1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
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Where the above table shows actual
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1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
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The table suggests that three citie
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Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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Brothels Law enforcement reported t
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The other thing we do have is in th
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Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
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Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
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that we’ve done because when we
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Although African American men compr
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I think what we are really talking
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actually go to them to find you wha
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Truckers The underground commercial
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Street and Internet Similar to othe
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Street/Internet-based pimps are net
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Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
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promising sign that law enforcement
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On the Latino brothel front we foun
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Street Street-based commercial sex
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majority of prostitutes. That does
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potential paper trail. Money was re
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Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
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Internet and Street Similar to what
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Pimps have always been mobile, movi
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San Diego, California Eighteen indi
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Street and Internet Similar to the
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are not documented by the police as
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always look for the most vulnerable
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hotels in their name … they have
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eliminated from having to follow a
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the room is, so it a three bedroom
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Street and Internet Seattle, like m
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Most of the gang members involved i
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Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
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getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
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Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
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need to be followed and pimps opera
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Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
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typically between the ages of 16 an
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Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
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Respondent Demographics Respondents
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presence of pimping in music and it
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Respondents distinguished between d
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Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
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Multiple factors related to neighbo
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wanted me to know. She fed me the g
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mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
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Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
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Another female interviewee, serving
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Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
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Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
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everything. I collected the money,
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they’ve made enough. That’s wha
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eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
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Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
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affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
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Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
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e escaping one life or seeking anot
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Mutual Dependency We are going to t
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money. I took care of who took care
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Rules One bad girl can knock your w
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Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
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encourage his employees to make mon
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have sex with each other when a con
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Competition Between Employees We ca
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little partner pull a gun on me. I
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Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
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pimp reported, “Usually you stay
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(D13). Another respondent reported
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Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
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7.1 presents the percentage of resp
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eported the costs of maintaining he
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hour special. In-calls only.” You
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used because respondents feared tha
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Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
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One respondent explained the evolut
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Finally, respondents also charged d
Page 215 and 216:
transactions completed were in-call
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associated with their charges, thou
Page 219 and 220:
Changes in the Field The field does
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“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
Page 223 and 224:
connected through the same gang. Th
Page 225 and 226:
Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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clients, served as a coping mechani
Page 229 and 230:
Respondents worked in five of the e
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gays being together, men treating t
Page 233 and 234:
multitude of environments including
Page 235 and 236:
Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
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individuals in their social network
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The Makeup and Conditions of the St
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Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
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Interviewer: And was that in cash o
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Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
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new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
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Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
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explained, “A lot of guys would g
Page 253 and 254:
Substances Participants felt that t
Page 255 and 256: A number of sex workers were caught
Page 257 and 258: I hear [other sex workers] talking
Page 259 and 260: while another respondent described
Page 261 and 262: the genital regions of clothed chil
Page 263 and 264: Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
Page 265 and 266: Technology It is widely accepted th
Page 267 and 268: Deep Web There is big problem that
Page 269 and 270: One offender acknowledged that purc
Page 271 and 272: The sample was almost evenly split
Page 273 and 274: One offender believed he knew what
Page 275 and 276: particular series When did this com
Page 277 and 278: One guy hacked into my computer one
Page 279 and 280: Production Location When asked wher
Page 281 and 282: availability, affordability, and an
Page 283 and 284: and eventually, it works its way to
Page 285 and 286: Law enforcement said they were able
Page 287 and 288: A national or international nexus w
Page 289 and 290: Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
Page 291 and 292: Law enforcement noted that travel c
Page 293 and 294: in public venues, utilized their ow
Page 295 and 296: Pimps who were aware of the penalti
Page 297 and 298: Practice Implications Investigative
Page 299 and 300: Policy Implications As the above fi
Page 301 and 302: Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
Page 303 and 304: child pornography. More research ne
Page 305: Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach t
Page 309 and 310: US Department of Justice. 2010. The
Page 311 and 312: Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
Page 313 and 314: 1. How many UCS cases has your agen
Page 315 and 316: 8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
Page 317 and 318: If you have any additional question
Page 319 and 320: 18:2421 Transportation generally 18
Page 321 and 322: these case reviews as supplementing
Page 323 and 324: Point-person designation The person
Page 325 and 326: Voluntary Participation: You may re
Page 327 and 328: Part I: Background information 1. W
Page 329 and 330: Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
Page 331 and 332: a. If yes, how did you learn about
Page 333 and 334: Part I: Background information 46.
Page 335 and 336: 70. Are there any differences in th
Page 337 and 338: 89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
Page 339 and 340: 19. Who did what How was that decid
Page 341 and 342: Technology Questions These question
Page 343 and 344: discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
Page 345 and 346: Voluntary Participation. You may re
Page 347 and 348: Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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