413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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Figure 4.3 Erotic Massage Parlors in the Dallas Metro Area It was reported that to keep clients interested, women are often rotated to different massage parlors throughout cities on a circuit. Cities found to be networked with illegitimate massage parlors to Dallas include Flushing, New York; Seattle, Washington; San Francisco and Los Angeles, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Atlanta, Georgia. Although sex trafficking has been found and is suspected in massage parlors, law enforcement noted that the percentage of women trafficked in massage parlors is small relative to those voluntarily involved in prostitution. One official estimated that of the cases they have seen, 70 percent of the women are voluntarily involved in prostitution and about 30 percent are sex trafficked. Proving whether the women involved are sex trafficked or voluntarily involved in prostitution is difficult: 71
I think what we are really talking about is prostitution, and a very small percentage is being trafficked. It’s not that easy to get to that point. Kind of like what I said earlier, they might have done it, they might have come over here from let’s say China, they don’t know what they are going to be doing, but they’re kind of on the hook for the ride to get here. Then they get a massage license, maybe, then they start working in there, and it turns into prostitution and it changes once they get arrested. And they get out [once] they’ve paid off their debt, but then they come back to it, so it’s prostitution. Trafficking aspect is very hard to prove because most of the girls don’t want to do this, but some of them are happy to do it because they are sending money home. (Dallas Law Enforcement Official) Law enforcement acknowledged the often blurred lines between women that were initially sex trafficked in massage parlors and then voluntarily continued working in prostitution after they paid their debts. According to officials, there are more benefits attached to the lifestyle of working in massage parlors than for women and children trafficked by pimps on the street/Internet (although this is arguably relative). Women working in massage parlors may have more freedom of movement, be granted gym memberships, and be able to afford expensive clothes, depending on how long they have been employed by the massage parlors, the massage parlor owner’s level of trust with the women, and whether the women’s debts are paid off. This can make it difficult for law enforcement and service providers to provide services for them: Sometimes you’ll get the younger ones that are actually in the massage parlors, but like I said, those are going to be true trafficking victims. And they will stay in the business because unfortunately, once they’ve worked in the business for so long, they’ve made a certain amount of money, to try to get them to come out of that culture is extremely difficult. I've interacted with some of the victims and they're living on a different scale. But that’s their lifestyle that they’ve been accustomed to. So going to work at a regular job, making regular money, that’s not an easy transition for them and they don’t go into that very willingly. (Dallas Law Enforcement Official) However, another official went on to challenge the definition of what would be considered “coercive” under the legal elements necessary to prove that prostitution is coerced and therefore amounts to sex trafficking: So let’s say that it is a case with a vast majority of these girls in massage parlors that they're not suffering from physical assault and threats and things of that nature. But it’s that, it’s that game. After years and years of living in this, you don’t come from here anyway. It’s that coercion. It’s that constant coercion. And so they may not have that lack of freedom of movement, they can go to the gym, they can do this. But at the end of the day, are they still under someone’s control Yeah. (Dallas Law Enforcement Official) There was a clearer distinction between victim and offender when it came to cases of women previously sex trafficked who then became massage parlor owners and were actively involved in the recruitment of others into the underground commercial sex trade. In these cases, law enforcement could understand the background of the offender as a prior victim, but charged them if they were actively involved in sex trafficking others. Whether the women working in massage parlors are trafficked or voluntarily involved in sex work, massage parlors in Dallas have been found operating as fronts for illicit commercial sex and have been found to be networked with one another in Dallas and in other cities and states. The owners of these establishments make a significant amount of money and operate in a highly organized manner (relative to street and Internet-based pimps and Latino brothels). The pricing structure within massage parlors in Dallas is the same whether operated by foreign national Asians or Americans: $60 to $100, you’re paying that automatically and that’s going to the house. And even in the American places that we’ve had, that’s been the norm. Any massage parlor or something like that, $60 to $100 goes to the house no matter what. The rest of the money, within Americans, they usually keep it or they send it to a pimp but with the Asians, it’s usually half theirs or it goes off to the trafficker. Or pay ‘em back for what they consider to be their debt. (Dallas Law Enforcement Official) 72
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R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6:
Introduction and Review of the Lite
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Market Changes ....................
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Appendix G ........................
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Main Findings We highlight 17 main
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6. For offenders, the prevalence of
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Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
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information about populations that
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In chapters three through eight, we
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seven sites were finalized in June
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individuals we wanted to interview.
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a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
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using interview data for the relati
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
Page 33 and 34: We also looked to estimates of the
Page 35 and 36: In this work, the LoCC will be invo
Page 37 and 38: 1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a v
Page 39 and 40: Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
Page 41 and 42: direct estimation method applied to
Page 43 and 44: in column 3 of the table below. The
Page 45 and 46: 1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
Page 47 and 48: 1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
Page 51 and 52: Note that the entries in the tables
Page 57 and 58: 1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
Page 59 and 60: Where the above table shows actual
Page 61 and 62: 1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
Page 63 and 64: The table suggests that three citie
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives
Page 67 and 68: Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
Page 69 and 70: Brothels Law enforcement reported t
Page 71 and 72: The other thing we do have is in th
Page 73 and 74: Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
Page 77 and 78: that we’ve done because when we
Page 79: Although African American men compr
Page 83 and 84: actually go to them to find you wha
Page 85 and 86: Truckers The underground commercial
Page 87 and 88: Street and Internet Similar to othe
Page 89 and 90: Street/Internet-based pimps are net
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
Page 93 and 94: promising sign that law enforcement
Page 95 and 96: On the Latino brothel front we foun
Page 97 and 98: Street Street-based commercial sex
Page 99 and 100: majority of prostitutes. That does
Page 101 and 102: potential paper trail. Money was re
Page 103 and 104: Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
Page 105 and 106: Internet and Street Similar to what
Page 107 and 108: Pimps have always been mobile, movi
Page 109 and 110: San Diego, California Eighteen indi
Page 111 and 112: Street and Internet Similar to the
Page 113 and 114: are not documented by the police as
Page 115 and 116: always look for the most vulnerable
Page 117 and 118: hotels in their name … they have
Page 119 and 120: eliminated from having to follow a
Page 121 and 122: the room is, so it a three bedroom
Page 123 and 124: Street and Internet Seattle, like m
Page 125 and 126: Most of the gang members involved i
Page 127 and 128: Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
Page 129 and 130: getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
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Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
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need to be followed and pimps opera
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Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
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typically between the ages of 16 an
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Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
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Respondent Demographics Respondents
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presence of pimping in music and it
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Respondents distinguished between d
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Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
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Multiple factors related to neighbo
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wanted me to know. She fed me the g
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mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
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Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
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Another female interviewee, serving
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Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
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Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
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everything. I collected the money,
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they’ve made enough. That’s wha
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eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
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Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
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affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
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Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
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e escaping one life or seeking anot
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Mutual Dependency We are going to t
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money. I took care of who took care
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Rules One bad girl can knock your w
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Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
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encourage his employees to make mon
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have sex with each other when a con
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Competition Between Employees We ca
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little partner pull a gun on me. I
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Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
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pimp reported, “Usually you stay
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(D13). Another respondent reported
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Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
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7.1 presents the percentage of resp
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eported the costs of maintaining he
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hour special. In-calls only.” You
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used because respondents feared tha
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Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
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One respondent explained the evolut
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Finally, respondents also charged d
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transactions completed were in-call
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associated with their charges, thou
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Changes in the Field The field does
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“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
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connected through the same gang. Th
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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clients, served as a coping mechani
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Respondents worked in five of the e
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gays being together, men treating t
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multitude of environments including
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Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
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individuals in their social network
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The Makeup and Conditions of the St
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Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
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Interviewer: And was that in cash o
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Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
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new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
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Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
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explained, “A lot of guys would g
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Substances Participants felt that t
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A number of sex workers were caught
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I hear [other sex workers] talking
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while another respondent described
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the genital regions of clothed chil
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Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
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Technology It is widely accepted th
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Deep Web There is big problem that
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One offender acknowledged that purc
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The sample was almost evenly split
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One offender believed he knew what
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particular series When did this com
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One guy hacked into my computer one
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Production Location When asked wher
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availability, affordability, and an
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and eventually, it works its way to
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Law enforcement said they were able
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A national or international nexus w
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Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
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Law enforcement noted that travel c
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in public venues, utilized their ow
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Pimps who were aware of the penalti
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Practice Implications Investigative
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Policy Implications As the above fi
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Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
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child pornography. More research ne
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Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach t
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McMillan, John, and Pablo Zoido. 20
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US Department of Justice. 2010. The
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Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
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1. How many UCS cases has your agen
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8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
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If you have any additional question
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18:2421 Transportation generally 18
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these case reviews as supplementing
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Point-person designation The person
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Voluntary Participation: You may re
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Part I: Background information 1. W
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Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
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a. If yes, how did you learn about
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Part I: Background information 46.
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70. Are there any differences in th
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89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
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19. Who did what How was that decid
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Technology Questions These question
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discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
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Voluntary Participation. You may re
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Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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