413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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Table 4.4 Stakeholder Perceptions of the UCSE in Denver, CO Venue Street Internet/ Escort services Erotic massage parlors and brothels Offender profile Majority of women do not have pimp presence Domestic and foreign men; Male pimps with criminal histories in drugs, gang activity, domestic violence, and assaults; Independent operators Korean or Chinese individuals for massage parlors, Latinos for brothels Employee profile Drug-addicted women Adults and minors, mainly women but also some men; pimp-controlled and non Asian or Latina women, adults. Evidence of prostitution Evidence of trafficking Pricing X X $20–40 Open X X $100–300/ hr. Open X X Door fee, + $40/30 min. $60/hr. Open/Closed customer base Open Customer profile Men of all races/ ethnicities Men of all races/ ethnicities Men of all races/ ethnicities Link to gangs, drugs, weapons, or organized crime Prices for services are tied to prices for crack cocaine and heroin Offenders are linked to domestic and foreign national criminal enterprises, including gangs. Link between sex trafficking and gangs. Midwest circuit, including Oklahoma City, St. Louis, Kansas City, and Minnesota Women come from cities such as Seattle, Houston, and Dallas, but typically move independently between cities 87
Street Street-based commercial sex activity occurs in Denver, although officials reported that the advent of the Internet decreased the number of individuals marketing themselves outside. The street-based commercial sex market includes both prostitution and sex trafficking. However, officials reported that the majority of the street-based market is comprised of drug-addicted women in prostitution, with no presence/control of a pimp. Given the link between street-based prostitution and drug addiction in Denver, prices charged for prostitution are tied to the prices for crack cocaine and heroin. As a result, current prices charged for sexual services (oral sex to intercourse) are around $20 to $40 from an individual soliciting on the street. Compared to Denver’s other venues of the UCSE, the street-based market had the lowest prices. One experienced law enforcement official described the diversity of customers of street-based prostitution: The clientele on the street is as diverse as you could ever imagine, from religious people to pro athletes to cops to judges. It is almost a crime of opportunity. Guys are driving down [street name] and they will see a prostitute and they figure for $20 they can get [oral sex]. And so it will just pull random people in. Sometimes they are chronic offenders and other times they are really just the one-time people. You will pop them and they will say, “I have never done this before” and sure enough you pull up their record and they have never done it before. (Denver Law Enforcement Official) Internet/Escort Services The Internet and smart phones have caused a shift in the market for underground commercial sex, specifically sex trafficking. Denver law enforcement officials noted that as they have seen a decrease in the street market for prostitution, they have seen an increase in the number of escort service advertisements on websites such as Backpage.com and through local weekly newspapers (online and in print). Child sex trafficking cases are primarily uncovered through investigations into escort services. Adult women have also been sex trafficked through escort services. Denver stakeholders believed that the Internet is used by pimps to exploit children and adults for a variety of reasons. First and foremost, online advertising provides more of a cover from law enforcement than the street. Second, the Internet enables pimps to advertise to a broader range of potential customers. Third, it allows a level of marketing that can hide the nature of the enterprise, whether through marketing children as adults or presenting women as individuals voluntarily involved in prostitution. Prices charged for adults and children advertised through escort services are higher than drug-addicted women working in prostitution on the street. Prices tend to average between $100 and $300 per hour, but can be much higher. One official reported that women and children exploited through escort services in Denver have been required to service an average of five customers per day, but that it can be higher depending on the pimp. Customers of escort services were described as the more chronic offenders: They are different because they kind of know what they are looking for. They generally have done it or rather used the escort services before or have prostitution arrests in the past. They know how to surf the web; they know what female attributes they are looking for, like nationalities. They are savvier to the system. (Denver Law Enforcement Official) Traffickers behind escort services are both domestic and foreign national men and women and range from individuals to larger organized criminal enterprises, including gangs. As one law enforcement official noted, while reflecting on the characteristics of traffickers in cases uncovered in Denver: Respondent: For pimps they come in every shape, size, and color. We’ve arrested pimps that are 50-year-old Chinese women, we’ve arrested pimps that are 20-year-old black men. I would say in terms of controlling a couple girls or a smaller pimping or prostitution ring, we do see a lot of black males, I’m not so much … I don’t think it has anything to do with race, I think it has more to do with idea of … you could can get into whole socioeconomic discussion of it, I think that being in prison, being in the system, whether it’s already dealing drugs or being involved in gangs, there’s easier access and understanding to the street life and kids and understanding of what the game is and how to make money doing it … They are always usually very charismatic … but you know more 88
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R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Introduction and Review of the Lite
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Market Changes ....................
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Appendix G ........................
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Main Findings We highlight 17 main
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6. For offenders, the prevalence of
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Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
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information about populations that
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In chapters three through eight, we
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seven sites were finalized in June
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individuals we wanted to interview.
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a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
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using interview data for the relati
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Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
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Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
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We also looked to estimates of the
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In this work, the LoCC will be invo
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1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a v
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Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
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direct estimation method applied to
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in column 3 of the table below. The
Page 45 and 46: 1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
Page 47 and 48: 1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
Page 51 and 52: Note that the entries in the tables
Page 57 and 58: 1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
Page 59 and 60: Where the above table shows actual
Page 61 and 62: 1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
Page 63 and 64: The table suggests that three citie
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives
Page 67 and 68: Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
Page 69 and 70: Brothels Law enforcement reported t
Page 71 and 72: The other thing we do have is in th
Page 73 and 74: Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
Page 77 and 78: that we’ve done because when we
Page 79 and 80: Although African American men compr
Page 81 and 82: I think what we are really talking
Page 83 and 84: actually go to them to find you wha
Page 85 and 86: Truckers The underground commercial
Page 87 and 88: Street and Internet Similar to othe
Page 89 and 90: Street/Internet-based pimps are net
Page 91 and 92: Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
Page 93 and 94: promising sign that law enforcement
Page 95: On the Latino brothel front we foun
Page 99 and 100: majority of prostitutes. That does
Page 101 and 102: potential paper trail. Money was re
Page 103 and 104: Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
Page 105 and 106: Internet and Street Similar to what
Page 107 and 108: Pimps have always been mobile, movi
Page 109 and 110: San Diego, California Eighteen indi
Page 111 and 112: Street and Internet Similar to the
Page 113 and 114: are not documented by the police as
Page 115 and 116: always look for the most vulnerable
Page 117 and 118: hotels in their name … they have
Page 119 and 120: eliminated from having to follow a
Page 121 and 122: the room is, so it a three bedroom
Page 123 and 124: Street and Internet Seattle, like m
Page 125 and 126: Most of the gang members involved i
Page 127 and 128: Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
Page 129 and 130: getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
Page 131 and 132: Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
Page 133 and 134: need to be followed and pimps opera
Page 135 and 136: Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
Page 137 and 138: typically between the ages of 16 an
Page 139 and 140: Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
Page 141 and 142: Respondent Demographics Respondents
Page 143 and 144: presence of pimping in music and it
Page 145 and 146: Respondents distinguished between d
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Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
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Multiple factors related to neighbo
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wanted me to know. She fed me the g
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mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
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Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
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Another female interviewee, serving
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Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
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Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
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everything. I collected the money,
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they’ve made enough. That’s wha
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eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
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Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
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affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
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Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
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e escaping one life or seeking anot
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Mutual Dependency We are going to t
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money. I took care of who took care
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Rules One bad girl can knock your w
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Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
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encourage his employees to make mon
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have sex with each other when a con
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Competition Between Employees We ca
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little partner pull a gun on me. I
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Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
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pimp reported, “Usually you stay
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(D13). Another respondent reported
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Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
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7.1 presents the percentage of resp
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eported the costs of maintaining he
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hour special. In-calls only.” You
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used because respondents feared tha
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Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
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One respondent explained the evolut
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Finally, respondents also charged d
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transactions completed were in-call
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associated with their charges, thou
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Changes in the Field The field does
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“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
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connected through the same gang. Th
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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clients, served as a coping mechani
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Respondents worked in five of the e
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gays being together, men treating t
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multitude of environments including
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Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
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individuals in their social network
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The Makeup and Conditions of the St
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Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
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Interviewer: And was that in cash o
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Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
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new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
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Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
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explained, “A lot of guys would g
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Substances Participants felt that t
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A number of sex workers were caught
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I hear [other sex workers] talking
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while another respondent described
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the genital regions of clothed chil
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Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
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Technology It is widely accepted th
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Deep Web There is big problem that
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One offender acknowledged that purc
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The sample was almost evenly split
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One offender believed he knew what
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particular series When did this com
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One guy hacked into my computer one
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Production Location When asked wher
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availability, affordability, and an
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and eventually, it works its way to
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Law enforcement said they were able
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A national or international nexus w
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Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
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Law enforcement noted that travel c
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in public venues, utilized their ow
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Pimps who were aware of the penalti
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Practice Implications Investigative
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Policy Implications As the above fi
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Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
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child pornography. More research ne
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Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach t
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McMillan, John, and Pablo Zoido. 20
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US Department of Justice. 2010. The
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Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
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1. How many UCS cases has your agen
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8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
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If you have any additional question
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18:2421 Transportation generally 18
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these case reviews as supplementing
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Point-person designation The person
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Voluntary Participation: You may re
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Part I: Background information 1. W
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Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
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a. If yes, how did you learn about
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Part I: Background information 46.
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70. Are there any differences in th
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89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
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19. Who did what How was that decid
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Technology Questions These question
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discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
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Voluntary Participation. You may re
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Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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