413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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Limitations on Clientele ..................................................................................................................... 173 Communications with Other Pimps ................................................................................................... 174 Quotas and Performance Incentives .................................................................................................. 175 Other Rules .......................................................................................................................................... 176 Punishment ............................................................................................................................................. 177 Use of Force ......................................................................................................................................... 177 Use of Coercion ................................................................................................................................... 179 Competition Between Employees .......................................................................................................... 180 Business Networks ...................................................................................................................................... 180 Competition Between Pimps .................................................................................................................. 181 Networks and Associations of Pimps .................................................................................................... 182 Travel ........................................................................................................................................................... 184 Reasons ................................................................................................................................................... 184 Travel Networks ...................................................................................................................................... 185 Sending Employees “Automatic” ........................................................................................................... 186 Lucrative Relationships with Legal Businesses ......................................................................................... 186 Relationships with Law Enforcement ........................................................................................................ 188 Chapter Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 189 Chapter 7 Business Practices and Operational Tools of Pimping...................................................... 190 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 190 Advertisement ............................................................................................................................................. 191 Online Advertisement ............................................................................................................................ 192 Online Classifieds ................................................................................................................................ 193 Websites ............................................................................................................................................... 193 Social Media and Discussion Boards ................................................................................................. 194 Word of Mouth and Referrals ................................................................................................................ 194 Stroll ........................................................................................................................................................ 195 Local Newspapers, Alternative Lifestyle Classifieds, and Phonebooks ............................................... 195 Business Cards ........................................................................................................................................ 196 Establishments ....................................................................................................................................... 197 Communications ......................................................................................................................................... 197 Communications with Employees ......................................................................................................... 197 Communications with Clients ................................................................................................................ 198 Hours and Frequency of Transactions ....................................................................................................... 199 Rates and Pricing Structures ..................................................................................................................... 200 Time Increments ..................................................................................................................................... 201 Date ........................................................................................................................................................ 202 Sex Act .................................................................................................................................................... 202 Other Factors Influencing Rates ........................................................................................................... 203 Forms of Payment ...................................................................................................................................... 204 Operational Costs ....................................................................................................................................... 205 Cars and Transportation ....................................................................................................................... 205 Housing .................................................................................................................................................. 206 Appearance ............................................................................................................................................ 206 Advertising Costs ................................................................................................................................... 206 Hotels and Motels ...................................................................................................................................207 Cell Phones and Plans ............................................................................................................................207 Legal Fees ................................................................................................................................................207 Additional Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 208 Investments Outside the Business ........................................................................................................ 208 Summary of Operational Costs ............................................................................................................. 208 Money Management, Laundering, and Storage ....................................................................................... 208 Changes in the Field .................................................................................................................................... 210 vi
Market Changes ...................................................................................................................................... 210 Internet ....................................................................................................................................................211 Demographics of Participants ................................................................................................................ 212 Gang Involvement .................................................................................................................................. 213 Law Enforcement Attention ................................................................................................................... 214 Chapter Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 214 Chapter 8 Changes in the UCSE from the Perspectives of Sex Workers ............................................. 215 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 215 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................... 216 Literature ..................................................................................................................................................... 216 Findings ....................................................................................................................................................... 219 Background and Demographic Information ......................................................................................... 219 Entry into Sex Work and Other Forms of Employment ...................................................................... 220 Locations Worked and Venues Used Over the Years ........................................................................... 223 Internet ................................................................................................................................................... 225 Street-Based Sex Work in the 1970s and 1980s .................................................................................... 225 Street-Based Sex Market Operations ................................................................................................. 225 Rates, Expenses, and Spending ..........................................................................................................226 Drug Use, Sex Work, and the Crack Epidemic of the Mid-1980s through the 1990s ......................... 227 Drug Use and Sex Work ...................................................................................................................... 227 The Impact of Crack Use on the Street-Based Sex Market in the 1990s and 2000s .......................229 The Makeup and Conditions of the Street-Based Sex Market ......................................................... 230 How the Dates Changed in Number and Substance ......................................................................... 231 Rates, Expenses, and Spending .......................................................................................................... 233 Internet-Based Sex Work .......................................................................................................................234 Demand, Clients, and Establishing Dates .........................................................................................236 Fees, Pricing, and Competition ..........................................................................................................236 Clients Over Time .................................................................................................................................. 238 Average Number of Clients Seen and Regular Clients ..................................................................... 238 Racial and Ethnic Makeup and Personal Backgrounds of Clients ...................................................239 Changes in Clients Over Time ........................................................................................................... 240 Risks and Violence Over Time ............................................................................................................... 241 Health Risks ........................................................................................................................................ 241 Violence and Abuse .............................................................................................................................242 Substances .......................................................................................................................................... 244 Law Enforcement Detection and Interactions ................................................................................. 244 The Effects of Law Enforcement Approaches to Sex Work Over Time .............................................. 244 Interactions with the Criminal Justice System and Law Enforcement Officers............................. 244 Changes in Law Enforcement Approaches to Sex Work ................................................................... 245 The Current Sex Market on the Streets and Online .............................................................................. 247 A Lifelong Career: Why Sex Workers Leave, Stay or Return to the Sex Trade .................................. 248 Why They Stay .................................................................................................................................... 248 Why They Leave ................................................................................................................................. 249 Pimp Involvement in the Sex Trade ..................................................................................................... 249 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 250 Chapter 9 Child Pornography Offenses in the Digital Age .................................................................. 251 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 251 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................... 251 Literature ..................................................................................................................................................... 252 Findings ....................................................................................................................................................... 254 Offender Background and Demographic Information ......................................................................... 254 vii
Page 1 and 2: R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 5: Introduction and Review of the Lite
Page 9 and 10: Appendix G ........................
Page 11 and 12: Main Findings We highlight 17 main
Page 13 and 14: 6. For offenders, the prevalence of
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
Page 17 and 18: information about populations that
Page 19 and 20: In chapters three through eight, we
Page 21 and 22: seven sites were finalized in June
Page 23 and 24: individuals we wanted to interview.
Page 25 and 26: a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
Page 27 and 28: using interview data for the relati
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
Page 33 and 34: We also looked to estimates of the
Page 35 and 36: In this work, the LoCC will be invo
Page 37 and 38: 1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a v
Page 39 and 40: Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
Page 41 and 42: direct estimation method applied to
Page 43 and 44: in column 3 of the table below. The
Page 45 and 46: 1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
Page 47 and 48: 1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
Page 51 and 52: Note that the entries in the tables
Page 57 and 58:
1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
Page 59 and 60:
Where the above table shows actual
Page 61 and 62:
1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
Page 63 and 64:
The table suggests that three citie
Page 65 and 66:
Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives
Page 67 and 68:
Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
Page 69 and 70:
Brothels Law enforcement reported t
Page 71 and 72:
The other thing we do have is in th
Page 73 and 74:
Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
Page 75 and 76:
Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
Page 77 and 78:
that we’ve done because when we
Page 79 and 80:
Although African American men compr
Page 81 and 82:
I think what we are really talking
Page 83 and 84:
actually go to them to find you wha
Page 85 and 86:
Truckers The underground commercial
Page 87 and 88:
Street and Internet Similar to othe
Page 89 and 90:
Street/Internet-based pimps are net
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
Page 93 and 94:
promising sign that law enforcement
Page 95 and 96:
On the Latino brothel front we foun
Page 97 and 98:
Street Street-based commercial sex
Page 99 and 100:
majority of prostitutes. That does
Page 101 and 102:
potential paper trail. Money was re
Page 103 and 104:
Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
Page 105 and 106:
Internet and Street Similar to what
Page 107 and 108:
Pimps have always been mobile, movi
Page 109 and 110:
San Diego, California Eighteen indi
Page 111 and 112:
Street and Internet Similar to the
Page 113 and 114:
are not documented by the police as
Page 115 and 116:
always look for the most vulnerable
Page 117 and 118:
hotels in their name … they have
Page 119 and 120:
eliminated from having to follow a
Page 121 and 122:
the room is, so it a three bedroom
Page 123 and 124:
Street and Internet Seattle, like m
Page 125 and 126:
Most of the gang members involved i
Page 127 and 128:
Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
Page 129 and 130:
getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
Page 131 and 132:
Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
Page 133 and 134:
need to be followed and pimps opera
Page 135 and 136:
Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
Page 137 and 138:
typically between the ages of 16 an
Page 139 and 140:
Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
Page 141 and 142:
Respondent Demographics Respondents
Page 143 and 144:
presence of pimping in music and it
Page 145 and 146:
Respondents distinguished between d
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
Page 149 and 150:
Multiple factors related to neighbo
Page 151 and 152:
wanted me to know. She fed me the g
Page 153 and 154:
mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
Page 155 and 156:
Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
Page 157 and 158:
Another female interviewee, serving
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
Page 161 and 162:
Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
Page 163 and 164:
everything. I collected the money,
Page 165 and 166:
they’ve made enough. That’s wha
Page 167 and 168:
eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
Page 169 and 170:
Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
Page 171 and 172:
affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
Page 173 and 174:
Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
Page 175 and 176:
e escaping one life or seeking anot
Page 177 and 178:
Mutual Dependency We are going to t
Page 179 and 180:
money. I took care of who took care
Page 181 and 182:
Rules One bad girl can knock your w
Page 183 and 184:
Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
Page 185 and 186:
encourage his employees to make mon
Page 187 and 188:
have sex with each other when a con
Page 189 and 190:
Competition Between Employees We ca
Page 191 and 192:
little partner pull a gun on me. I
Page 193 and 194:
Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
Page 195 and 196:
pimp reported, “Usually you stay
Page 197 and 198:
(D13). Another respondent reported
Page 199 and 200:
Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
Page 201 and 202:
7.1 presents the percentage of resp
Page 203 and 204:
eported the costs of maintaining he
Page 205 and 206:
hour special. In-calls only.” You
Page 207 and 208:
used because respondents feared tha
Page 209 and 210:
Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
Page 211 and 212:
One respondent explained the evolut
Page 213 and 214:
Finally, respondents also charged d
Page 215 and 216:
transactions completed were in-call
Page 217 and 218:
associated with their charges, thou
Page 219 and 220:
Changes in the Field The field does
Page 221 and 222:
“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
Page 223 and 224:
connected through the same gang. Th
Page 225 and 226:
Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
Page 227 and 228:
clients, served as a coping mechani
Page 229 and 230:
Respondents worked in five of the e
Page 231 and 232:
gays being together, men treating t
Page 233 and 234:
multitude of environments including
Page 235 and 236:
Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
Page 237 and 238:
individuals in their social network
Page 239 and 240:
The Makeup and Conditions of the St
Page 241 and 242:
Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
Page 243 and 244:
Interviewer: And was that in cash o
Page 245 and 246:
Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
Page 247 and 248:
new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
Page 249 and 250:
Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
Page 251 and 252:
explained, “A lot of guys would g
Page 253 and 254:
Substances Participants felt that t
Page 255 and 256:
A number of sex workers were caught
Page 257 and 258:
I hear [other sex workers] talking
Page 259 and 260:
while another respondent described
Page 261 and 262:
the genital regions of clothed chil
Page 263 and 264:
Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
Page 265 and 266:
Technology It is widely accepted th
Page 267 and 268:
Deep Web There is big problem that
Page 269 and 270:
One offender acknowledged that purc
Page 271 and 272:
The sample was almost evenly split
Page 273 and 274:
One offender believed he knew what
Page 275 and 276:
particular series When did this com
Page 277 and 278:
One guy hacked into my computer one
Page 279 and 280:
Production Location When asked wher
Page 281 and 282:
availability, affordability, and an
Page 283 and 284:
and eventually, it works its way to
Page 285 and 286:
Law enforcement said they were able
Page 287 and 288:
A national or international nexus w
Page 289 and 290:
Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
Page 291 and 292:
Law enforcement noted that travel c
Page 293 and 294:
in public venues, utilized their ow
Page 295 and 296:
Pimps who were aware of the penalti
Page 297 and 298:
Practice Implications Investigative
Page 299 and 300:
Policy Implications As the above fi
Page 301 and 302:
Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
Page 303 and 304:
child pornography. More research ne
Page 305 and 306:
Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach t
Page 307 and 308:
McMillan, John, and Pablo Zoido. 20
Page 309 and 310:
US Department of Justice. 2010. The
Page 311 and 312:
Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
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1. How many UCS cases has your agen
Page 315 and 316:
8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
Page 317 and 318:
If you have any additional question
Page 319 and 320:
18:2421 Transportation generally 18
Page 321 and 322:
these case reviews as supplementing
Page 323 and 324:
Point-person designation The person
Page 325 and 326:
Voluntary Participation: You may re
Page 327 and 328:
Part I: Background information 1. W
Page 329 and 330:
Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
Page 331 and 332:
a. If yes, how did you learn about
Page 333 and 334:
Part I: Background information 46.
Page 335 and 336:
70. Are there any differences in th
Page 337 and 338:
89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
Page 339 and 340:
19. Who did what How was that decid
Page 341 and 342:
Technology Questions These question
Page 343 and 344:
discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
Page 345 and 346:
Voluntary Participation. You may re
Page 347 and 348:
Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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