413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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Commission’s recommendations, which incorporate characteristics such as offenders’ collecting behavior and involvement with offender networks, would aid in properly classifying different types of offenders, which could also inform the types of offenders targeted by law enforcement. Future Directions for Research The current study makes several contributions to the knowledge base on the underground commercial sex market in the United States and the findings lend themselves to implications for future research in this area. Several aspects of the findings merit further investigation: 1. Although we presented the estimates for the underground commercial sex, drugs and weapons economies for seven of the eight study sites for 2003 and 2007, we did not provide further analysis as to why these illicit economies increased or decreased over time. Future research could entail in-depth analyses of economic, social, and environmental factors in these eight cities during this time period to shed light on why these economies changed over time. 2. Further research can, and should, be conducted to test the validity and reliability of the method used to estimate the underground commercial sex economy. If the method proves to be both valid and reliable, it could be replicated to estimate the size of the UCSE in other US cities. 3. Though researchers have observed the use of psychological manipulation and “finesse pimping” to control women and girls, more research is needed to elaborate on the methods of psychological coercion revealed by this report and earlier studies. Future directions for research include the role of romantic relationships between pimps and employees in the facilitation of sex work and victim experiences and consequences of psychological coercion. In addition, research should explore indicators of individuals at-risk for psychological coercion. 4. More research is necessary to explore the reasons and circumstances that compel youth and women to participate in sex work through a pimp. Understanding the perceived benefits of not only engaging in sex work, but engaging in the underground sex market through the facilitation of a pimp, will help identify individuals at-risk for recruitment. 5. Legislative analyses should be undertaken to ascertain how existing state laws governing wiretapping, cross-deputization, and human trafficking might be amended to better promote the incorporation of organized crime investigative strategies into human trafficking and prostitution investigations. 6. Although law enforcement claimed that there is a link between sex tourism and child pornography, there currently is no empirical evidence to demonstrate this connection. Research on this topic can shed more light on this issue, and potentially identify more ways to effectively combat both child pornography and sex tourism. 7. Though stakeholders, child pornography offenders, and researchers suspect a correlation between technological savviness and risk of detection, there has been little empirical evidence to support these claims. This gap in knowledge is particularly problematic as almost all existing research on child pornography offenders is based on apprehended offenders. Additionally, further studies analyzing gaps in case law versus technological advances that facilitate child pornography would allow stakeholders to be more effective in investigating and prosecuting offenders. 8. Stakeholders and inmates convicted of child pornography offenses shared a connection between methamphetamine users and the consumption of child pornography, but there is no available research to support this claim. Investigating this would grant a deeper understanding into child pornography offender behavior and could affect law enforcement’s approach to investigating methamphetamine-related crimes. 9. One point that law enforcement officers and offenders did not agree on was the commercialization of child pornography. The majority of offenders interviewed for this study stated that although they had been approached by overseas websites, they had never purchased or had the intention to purchase child pornography, mainly because they could trade and download content for free. That said, several stakeholders stated that there were individuals still heavily profiting from child pornography sales, although they agreed that these individuals were mainly located overseas. According to law enforcement officials, individuals in the United States were profiting from child pornography by selling programs that made it easier to trade and download content. These sites often advertised on websites and message boards that were known to host 293
child pornography. More research needs to be done in this area to determine the liability of these companies and how it directly ties into child pornography sales. Additionally, more research is needed to determine if individuals are directly profiting from child pornography sales in the United States. Conclusion This report is a first step in estimating the size and structure of the underground commercial sex economy in the United States. Although we acknowledge that the both the quantitative and qualitative methods that were employed in this study had their limitations, we believe that the information presented in this report will help to fill a number of knowledge gaps regarding the size and structure of the UCSE, and also provide the stepping stones for policy and practice reform. There is still much we need to learn and much work that needs to be done in order to shrink the underground commercial sex economy in the United States. 294
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R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
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Table of Contents Executive Summary
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Introduction and Review of the Lite
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Market Changes ....................
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Appendix G ........................
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Main Findings We highlight 17 main
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6. For offenders, the prevalence of
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Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
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information about populations that
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In chapters three through eight, we
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seven sites were finalized in June
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individuals we wanted to interview.
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a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
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using interview data for the relati
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Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
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Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
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We also looked to estimates of the
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In this work, the LoCC will be invo
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1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a v
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Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
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direct estimation method applied to
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in column 3 of the table below. The
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1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
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1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
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Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
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Note that the entries in the tables
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1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
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Where the above table shows actual
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1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
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The table suggests that three citie
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Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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Brothels Law enforcement reported t
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The other thing we do have is in th
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Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
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Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
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that we’ve done because when we
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Although African American men compr
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I think what we are really talking
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actually go to them to find you wha
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Truckers The underground commercial
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Street and Internet Similar to othe
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Street/Internet-based pimps are net
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Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
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promising sign that law enforcement
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On the Latino brothel front we foun
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Street Street-based commercial sex
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majority of prostitutes. That does
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potential paper trail. Money was re
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Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
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Internet and Street Similar to what
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Pimps have always been mobile, movi
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San Diego, California Eighteen indi
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Street and Internet Similar to the
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are not documented by the police as
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always look for the most vulnerable
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hotels in their name … they have
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eliminated from having to follow a
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the room is, so it a three bedroom
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Street and Internet Seattle, like m
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Most of the gang members involved i
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Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
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getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
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Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
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need to be followed and pimps opera
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Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
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typically between the ages of 16 an
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Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
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Respondent Demographics Respondents
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presence of pimping in music and it
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Respondents distinguished between d
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Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
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Multiple factors related to neighbo
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wanted me to know. She fed me the g
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mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
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Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
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Another female interviewee, serving
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Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
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Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
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everything. I collected the money,
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they’ve made enough. That’s wha
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eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
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Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
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affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
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Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
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e escaping one life or seeking anot
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Mutual Dependency We are going to t
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money. I took care of who took care
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Rules One bad girl can knock your w
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Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
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encourage his employees to make mon
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have sex with each other when a con
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Competition Between Employees We ca
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little partner pull a gun on me. I
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Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
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pimp reported, “Usually you stay
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(D13). Another respondent reported
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Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
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7.1 presents the percentage of resp
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eported the costs of maintaining he
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hour special. In-calls only.” You
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used because respondents feared tha
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Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
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One respondent explained the evolut
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Finally, respondents also charged d
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transactions completed were in-call
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associated with their charges, thou
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Changes in the Field The field does
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“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
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connected through the same gang. Th
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Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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clients, served as a coping mechani
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Respondents worked in five of the e
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gays being together, men treating t
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multitude of environments including
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Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
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individuals in their social network
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The Makeup and Conditions of the St
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Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
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Interviewer: And was that in cash o
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Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
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new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
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Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
Page 251 and 252: explained, “A lot of guys would g
Page 253 and 254: Substances Participants felt that t
Page 255 and 256: A number of sex workers were caught
Page 257 and 258: I hear [other sex workers] talking
Page 259 and 260: while another respondent described
Page 261 and 262: the genital regions of clothed chil
Page 263 and 264: Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
Page 265 and 266: Technology It is widely accepted th
Page 267 and 268: Deep Web There is big problem that
Page 269 and 270: One offender acknowledged that purc
Page 271 and 272: The sample was almost evenly split
Page 273 and 274: One offender believed he knew what
Page 275 and 276: particular series When did this com
Page 277 and 278: One guy hacked into my computer one
Page 279 and 280: Production Location When asked wher
Page 281 and 282: availability, affordability, and an
Page 283 and 284: and eventually, it works its way to
Page 285 and 286: Law enforcement said they were able
Page 287 and 288: A national or international nexus w
Page 289 and 290: Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
Page 291 and 292: Law enforcement noted that travel c
Page 293 and 294: in public venues, utilized their ow
Page 295 and 296: Pimps who were aware of the penalti
Page 297 and 298: Practice Implications Investigative
Page 299 and 300: Policy Implications As the above fi
Page 301: Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
Page 305 and 306: Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach t
Page 307 and 308: McMillan, John, and Pablo Zoido. 20
Page 309 and 310: US Department of Justice. 2010. The
Page 311 and 312: Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
Page 313 and 314: 1. How many UCS cases has your agen
Page 315 and 316: 8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
Page 317 and 318: If you have any additional question
Page 319 and 320: 18:2421 Transportation generally 18
Page 321 and 322: these case reviews as supplementing
Page 323 and 324: Point-person designation The person
Page 325 and 326: Voluntary Participation: You may re
Page 327 and 328: Part I: Background information 1. W
Page 329 and 330: Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
Page 331 and 332: a. If yes, how did you learn about
Page 333 and 334: Part I: Background information 46.
Page 335 and 336: 70. Are there any differences in th
Page 337 and 338: 89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
Page 339 and 340: 19. Who did what How was that decid
Page 341 and 342: Technology Questions These question
Page 343 and 344: discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
Page 345 and 346: Voluntary Participation. You may re
Page 347 and 348: Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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