413047-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy

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1.1.1 Process for Deriving Estimates (In Depth) The true value of the cash-based underground commercial sex economy in city during time is denoted by . As it is almost impossible to measure directly, we seek to estimate it. During the estimation process, we will think of it as a formal variable and argue that the variable is subject to particular constraints. When we are thinking of it as a variable, it will be denoted in lowercase: . The constraints on will often be expressed in terms of directly measurable values of a linear proxy for . Such proxies will be indicated via a superscript asterisk, i.e., . By solving systems of constraints on the variable we hope to obtain an estimate for (the value for the size of the cash UCSE); such an estimate will be denoted by a tilde: . Analogous notational conventions apply to the formalisms used during the analysis of cash-based underground economies for drugs guns , “other” , and total cash 1.2. Constraints by Proxy Ratios Because , , and represent cash exchanged in a largely “dark transactions” in underground commercial economies of goods and services (that is, for sex, drugs, and guns, respectively), it is difficult to obtain data on the variables directly. Indeed, although the cash value represented by the variable captures predominantly “visible transactions,” it too is intangible in the sense that we know of no reliable direct measurement of it. The key insight here is to pursue the possibility of four (4) proxy variables each of which may be plausibly assumed to be linearly dependent on , , , and , respectively. This brings us to the next set of assumptions: Assumption (A3-W): There exists a variable which is a linear proxy for the cash exchanged toward the purchase of guns—in region during time interval . We say that a variable is a linear proxy for if it (a) sufficiently captures the ratio of cash exchanged for guns in a given city across two distinct time intervals and : and (b) sufficiently captures the ratio of cash exchanged for guns in a given time interval across two distinct cities and : Analogous assumptions (A3-D), (A3-O), and (A3-S) must be made regarding the existence of linear proxies , , and (for , , and ) respectively. The construction of the four proxies , , , and is treated separately in each of the four sections that follow: 1.2.1. Linear Proxy , 1.2.2. Linear Proxy , 1.2.3. Linear Proxy , and 1.2.4. Linear Proxy , respectively. 27
1.2.1. Linear Proxy We say that a variable is a linear proxy for if it is proportional to . In other words, we require that there exists some such that for some real number which is invariant over time and place. Note that we do not need to know what is. In other words, is a linear proxy if it (a) sufficiently captures the ratio of cash exchanged for sex in a given city across two distinct time intervals and : and (b) sufficiently captures the ratio of cash exchanged for sex in a given time interval two distinct cities and : across Modification to the Methodology Originally Proposed The methodology described in our original project proposal sought to estimate the relative sizes of cities’ commercial sex markets based on direct reports from pimps who worked in both cities. We had hoped to elicit Likert-scale responses such as “If the market in Atlanta is a 10, then the market in Kansas City is a 2.” Unfortunately, the subjects (pimps) interviewed were unable to provide information of this form. Subjects were, however, able to provide very specific information about their average weekly gross cash intake. In order to scale this gross cash intake data up to a linear proxy for S, we needed to construct a linear proxy for the number of pimps that worked in each city in a given time interval. The revised approach we took was to define the proxy as a product where is the mean weekly gross cash intake per pimp (by city and time) and is a linear proxy for pimp population size by city. Example Suppose we knew that “At any given time, the number of pimps working in Atlanta versus the number of pimps working in Kansas City is in a 1.5:1.2 ratio,” and we knew that “Pimps in Atlanta report a mean gross cash intake of $3,000 a week for 2012, while pimps in Kansas City reported $2,000 a week for 2012.” Then taken together, we could deduce: Thus (hypothetically) we could conclude that in 2012, the size of the cash-UCSE in Atlanta is approximately 1.875 times the size of the cash-based UCSE in Kansas City. 28
Page 1 and 2: R E S E A R C H R E P O R T M A R C
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents Executive Summary
Page 5 and 6: Introduction and Review of the Lite
Page 7 and 8: Market Changes ....................
Page 9 and 10: Appendix G ........................
Page 11 and 12: Main Findings We highlight 17 main
Page 13 and 14: 6. For offenders, the prevalence of
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose of t
Page 17 and 18: information about populations that
Page 19 and 20: In chapters three through eight, we
Page 21 and 22: seven sites were finalized in June
Page 23 and 24: individuals we wanted to interview.
Page 25 and 26: a total of 142 sex traffickers/pimp
Page 27 and 28: using interview data for the relati
Page 29 and 30: Table 2.2 Proxy Variables Dataset V
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 3 Methodology and Derivatio
Page 33 and 34: We also looked to estimates of the
Page 35: In this work, the LoCC will be invo
Page 39 and 40: Table 3.2 Number of Sex Proxy ( ) R
Page 41 and 42: direct estimation method applied to
Page 43 and 44: in column 3 of the table below. The
Page 45 and 46: 1.2.4. Linear Proxy We followed the
Page 47 and 48: 1.4. The Linear Program 1.4.1. Sex
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.12 Cross-City Sex Proxy Rat
Page 51 and 52: Note that the entries in the tables
Page 57 and 58: 1.4.7. Techniques for Solving the L
Page 59 and 60: Where the above table shows actual
Page 61 and 62: 1.6.3. Guns Economy Rankings Here w
Page 63 and 64: The table suggests that three citie
Page 65 and 66: Chapter 4 Stakeholder Perspectives
Page 67 and 68: Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
Page 69 and 70: Brothels Law enforcement reported t
Page 71 and 72: The other thing we do have is in th
Page 73 and 74: Dallas, Texas Fifteen individuals w
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.2. Continued Erotic massage
Page 77 and 78: that we’ve done because when we
Page 79 and 80: Although African American men compr
Page 81 and 82: I think what we are really talking
Page 83 and 84: actually go to them to find you wha
Page 85 and 86: Truckers The underground commercial
Page 87 and 88:
Street and Internet Similar to othe
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Street/Internet-based pimps are net
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Figure 4.4 Erotic Massage Parlors i
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promising sign that law enforcement
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On the Latino brothel front we foun
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Street Street-based commercial sex
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majority of prostitutes. That does
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potential paper trail. Money was re
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Kansas City, Missouri Sixteen indiv
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Internet and Street Similar to what
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Pimps have always been mobile, movi
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San Diego, California Eighteen indi
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Street and Internet Similar to the
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are not documented by the police as
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always look for the most vulnerable
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hotels in their name … they have
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eliminated from having to follow a
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the room is, so it a three bedroom
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Street and Internet Seattle, like m
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Most of the gang members involved i
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Erotic Massage Parlors and Spas The
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getting a ticket in Lynnwood for no
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Table 4.8 Stakeholder Perceptions o
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need to be followed and pimps opera
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Erotic Massage Parlors Another prim
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typically between the ages of 16 an
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Chapter 5 Identity, Entry, and Risk
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Respondent Demographics Respondents
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presence of pimping in music and it
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Respondents distinguished between d
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 5.5 Family Member Involvemen
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Multiple factors related to neighbo
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wanted me to know. She fed me the g
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mom. I wanted to go about it a diff
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Hiding Behind Legal Businesses Lega
Page 157 and 158:
Another female interviewee, serving
Page 159 and 160:
Chapter 6 Networks, Relationships,
Page 161 and 162:
Actors in the Underground Sex Marke
Page 163 and 164:
everything. I collected the money,
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they’ve made enough. That’s wha
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eally nice—not whorish—I’d ha
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Respondent: Right. I got a friend,
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affording a fancy lifestyle. Offend
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Figure 6.1 Recruitment Venues Neigh
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e escaping one life or seeking anot
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Mutual Dependency We are going to t
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money. I took care of who took care
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Rules One bad girl can knock your w
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Reasons for restrictions varied, bu
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encourage his employees to make mon
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have sex with each other when a con
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Competition Between Employees We ca
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little partner pull a gun on me. I
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Beyond employees, pimps shared othe
Page 195 and 196:
pimp reported, “Usually you stay
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(D13). Another respondent reported
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Chapter 7 Business Practices and Op
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7.1 presents the percentage of resp
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eported the costs of maintaining he
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hour special. In-calls only.” You
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used because respondents feared tha
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Rates and Pricing Structures Rates
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One respondent explained the evolut
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Finally, respondents also charged d
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transactions completed were in-call
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associated with their charges, thou
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Changes in the Field The field does
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“Years ago, a john, a certain guy
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connected through the same gang. Th
Page 225 and 226:
Main Findings from this Chapter Inc
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clients, served as a coping mechani
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Respondents worked in five of the e
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gays being together, men treating t
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multitude of environments including
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Rates, Expenses, and Spending Those
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individuals in their social network
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The Makeup and Conditions of the St
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Interviewer: You mentioned that wha
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Interviewer: And was that in cash o
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Demand, Clients, and Establishing D
Page 247 and 248:
new venue to solicit sex work. A mo
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Respondent: Yeah, illegal. They mak
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explained, “A lot of guys would g
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Substances Participants felt that t
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A number of sex workers were caught
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I hear [other sex workers] talking
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while another respondent described
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the genital regions of clothed chil
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Recent studies (Merdian et al. 2013
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Technology It is widely accepted th
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Deep Web There is big problem that
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One offender acknowledged that purc
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The sample was almost evenly split
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One offender believed he knew what
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particular series When did this com
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One guy hacked into my computer one
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Production Location When asked wher
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availability, affordability, and an
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and eventually, it works its way to
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Law enforcement said they were able
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A national or international nexus w
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Table 10.1 Estimates of Illicit Mar
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Law enforcement noted that travel c
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in public venues, utilized their ow
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Pimps who were aware of the penalti
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Practice Implications Investigative
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Policy Implications As the above fi
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Finding 6: For offenders, the preva
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child pornography. More research ne
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Cooper, Bo. 2002. “New Approach t
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McMillan, John, and Pablo Zoido. 20
Page 309 and 310:
US Department of Justice. 2010. The
Page 311 and 312:
Appendix B Screening Interview Ques
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1. How many UCS cases has your agen
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8. How has the UCSE changed in rece
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If you have any additional question
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18:2421 Transportation generally 18
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these case reviews as supplementing
Page 323 and 324:
Point-person designation The person
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Voluntary Participation: You may re
Page 327 and 328:
Part I: Background information 1. W
Page 329 and 330:
Part II: Specific Case Questions (P
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a. If yes, how did you learn about
Page 333 and 334:
Part I: Background information 46.
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70. Are there any differences in th
Page 337 and 338:
89. Are you aware of the prosecutor
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19. Who did what How was that decid
Page 341 and 342:
Technology Questions These question
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discuss new or unprosecuted crimina
Page 345 and 346:
Voluntary Participation. You may re
Page 347 and 348:
Appendix L Terminology Blade: A pub
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