Adapting to Climate Change: Assessing the World Bank Group ...

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APPENDIX HADDITIONAL EVIDENCEkilometer of forest based on those areas that were protected, while ignoring the factthat the average benefit of avoided losses depends on the value of assets protected,which will not remain constant outside of the sample zone where mangroves wereplanted. Barbier (2007) uses an expected damage function approach that estimatesthe value of coastal protection benefits based on coastal disaster data and mangrovecoverage from Thailand, and find much lower values than are generated from areplacement cost approach. But weaknesses in the available data on disasterdamage, mangrove coverage, and other factors that drive disaster losses suggest thattheir point estimate (loss of one square kilometer of mangrove leads to an increase ofexpected storm damages of $585,000) should be interpreted with caution.Efforts to estimate the coastal protection benefits of mangroves are complicated by ahigh degree of spatial variation in impact, depending on topography, vegetationproperties, and the types of storms involved. For example, Kabir and others (2006)model the effect mangroves in reducing storm surge from a 1970 cyclone on HatiaIsland in Bangladesh. They find that while in some locations mangrove afforestationwith a width of 133-600 meters leads to reduction in storm surge height of 0.18-0.45meters, in other locations the protective benefits were negligible. Mazda and others(1997) study mangrove zone on the Tong King delta in Vietnam, and find nosignificant reduction in storm surge in areas with immature mangrove cover, butwave height reduction of 20 percent per 100 meters of mangrove in areas withsufficiently tall trees. Badola and Hussain (2005) measure economic losses in threevillages in Orissa hit by a 1999 cyclone, and find the greatest loss per household wassuffered in a village with an embankment but no mangroves ($153.74), followed by avillage with no embankment and no mangroves ($44.02) with the least damageoccurring in a village with mangroves ($33.31). The fact that a given storm has suchdrastically different effects on different villages (even those close to each other)makes it difficult to estimate the marginal value of mangrove cover because of theeconomic and geographic heterogeneity at the village level Das and Vincent(2009)evaluated the protective effect of mangroves for the same cyclone over a wider area,using geographical data on geophysical and socioeconomic factors. They found thatmangroves had a statistically significant protective effect and on average, for thisevent, one hectare of mangroves averted 0.0148 deaths.127
Appendix IProject ExamplesAppendix I1: Water Efficiency in ChinaThe Irrigated Agriculture Intensification Loan III (IAIL 3) approved in 2005 wasdesigned to increase agricultural productivity and water efficiency in the Huang-Huai-Hai river basin in northern China. The project financed water-saving irrigationand drainage, agricultural institutional development and agro-ecological protection,and aimed to demonstrate these techniques as a model to be scaled up by Chineseagricultural agencies.The project had not specifically considered climate change during preparation, butshortly after implementation the Bank successfully encouraged the addition of aclimate change add-on. A set of climate change impact analysis studies wereundertaken by international and domestic climate experts during preparation of theadd-on, and the GEF-financed project on Mainstreaming Climate ChangeAdaptation in Irrigated Agriculture was approved in 2008. A consultative gapanalysis undertaken as part of preparation of the adaptation project led to a newfocus on demand-side water efficiency measures.The project supported hydrological modeling of the basin under future climatescenarios. The studies improved understanding of the hydrological functioning ofthe basin and its response to different possible future conditions. Liu and others(2010), for instance, found that, in the absence of CO2 fertilization, both irrigatedand rainfed maize and wheat yields would decline modestly for a +2°C increase andseverely for a +5° increase, with some moderation or exacerbation depending onprecipitation trends. The climate change studies recommended a set of actions thatwere largely no-regrets measures that reduced vulnerability to current climatevariability. The Bank claimed that the incorporation of demand-side water efficiencymeasures was motivated by the climate change technical studies—but the ChinaWater Conservation project approved in 2000 had already undertaken similarmeasures.Activities supported by the projects appear to have been highly successful; IAIL IIIreported a 27 percent increase in grain yields, a 75 percent increase in cash cropyields, and a 55 percent decrease in water use. The projects appear to have beensuccessful in building institutional capacity in China, and in creating mobile expertteams that supported collaboration between national scientists, local experts, andextension agents. Water savings from improved infrastructure under IAIL 3 were128
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Adapting to Climate Change:Assessin
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ContentsGLOSSARY ..................
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CONTENTSBoxesthe role of IFC ......
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AbbreviationsACCACVCCCCCCCCCTCDMCEI
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GLOSSARYClimate variability: Variat
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GLOSSARYSustainable land management
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AcknowledgmentsThis evaluation was
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STATEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
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STATEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
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OVERVIEWClimate adaptation comprise
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OVERVIEWfor others. Another approac
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OVERVIEWcoffee, may require infrast
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OVERVIEWscale pilot projects, asses
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Management ResponseIntroductionWorl
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MANAGEMENT RESPONSEare. The Bank wi
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MANAGEMENT RESPONSEweighting or pro
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ANNEX 1MANAGEMENT ACTION RECORD MAT
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ANNEX 1MANAGEMENT ACTION RECORD MAT
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1. Context and ApproachHighlights C
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CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHOften
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CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHbut wo
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CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHAntici
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CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHthe fu
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2. Climate Adaptation at the World
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CHAPTER 2ADAPTATION AT THE BANK GRO
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3. Dealing with Climate Variability
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.3 Cli
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYBox 3-1
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYRESEARC
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY1999 (L
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYBox 3-4
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.34 An
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYto incr
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYdisaste
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYTHE BAN
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.59 Li
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYfund di
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYfrom se
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.80 Lo
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYonly ha
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4. Anticipatory Adaptation to Clima
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONlev
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONTab
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONFor
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONTab
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONBox
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONANA
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONfut
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Page 128 and 129: 5. Conclusions and RecommendationsC
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Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX APIDCountryApprovalYearP04
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Page 145 and 146: Appendix BAdaptation-Related Indica
Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX B• Social Development St
Page 149 and 150: APPENDIX B• Subnational level app
Page 151 and 152: Appendix CResults IndicatorsTable C
Page 153 and 154: APPENDIX CRESULTS INDICATORSIndicat
Page 155 and 156: APPENDIX CRESULTS INDICATORSIndicat
Page 157 and 158: Appendix DDrought Mitigation Projec
Page 159 and 160: APPENDIX DDROUGHT PROJECTStook the
Page 161 and 162: APPENDIX EROADSroads to higher stan
Page 163 and 164: APPENDIX FANALYTIC WORK ON CLIMATE
Page 165 and 166: Appendix GEvaluation MethodologiesG
Page 167 and 168: Appendix HAdditional EvidenceH1. Lo
Page 169: APPENDIX HADDITIONAL EVIDENCEDrylan
Page 173 and 174: APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESplanted a
Page 175 and 176: APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESand that
Page 177 and 178: APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESunsurpris
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCESDoell, P., H. Hoffmann‐
Page 181 and 182: REFERENCESMcGray, H., A. Hammill, R
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCESUnited Nations Developmen
Page 186 and 187: ENDNOTESEndnotes1 Lobell, Schlenker
Page 188 and 189: ENDNOTES22 In Ethiopia, communities
Page 190 and 191: ENDNOTES39 This review draws upon a
Page 192 and 193: ENDNOTES61 Resource Guide on Gender
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