Adapting to Climate Change: Assessing the World Bank Group ...

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ENDNOTESEndnotes1 Lobell, Schlenker and Costa-Roberts (2011) find that in 65% of countries, the mean 1980-2008 increase in growing season temperature for maize in rice is equivalent to at least onestandard deviation of year-to-year variability; for a quarter of countries, the increase is atleast two standard deviations.2 Protection against current hurricane risks is here considered as providing a net benefit‘today’ even if no hurricane materializes.3 This is an infelicitous term, since it incorrectly implies that other actions are regrettable. Itis often used to mean actions that are justified whether or not climate change is occurring.But since climate change is, in fact, occurring, it is used here to refer to an action that willprovide benefits under a wide range of possible climate change outcomes.4 Figure 1 was constructed based on a count of the occurrence of ‘adaptation’ within 25words of ‘climate’ in project documents; results were filtered to remove duplicate referencesto a project.5 The 2012 Environment Strategy also has a results framework for its Resilience pillar, withindicators that overlap with those proposed in the SFDCC close-out report. TheEnvironment Strategy framework includes an indicator: “Percentage of projects (mapped toEnvironment) with gender analysis, gender-inclusive consultation, or both.”6 IDA 2011. “Additions to IDA Resources: Sixteenth Replenishment IDA16: DeliveringDevelopment Results” Approved by the Executive Directors of IDA on February 15, 2011(and modified on March 18, 2011)7 Quotes are from http://climatechange.worldbank.org/content/tracking-finance. Thetypology is published athttp://climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Typology.pdf. (Both accessed 18July 2012.)8 Some examples are drawn from a review of the FY12 pilot application of the trackingsystem.9 Climate sensitive sectors here include transport, agriculture, water, and urbandevelopment.10 IFC Management notes that some aspects of the risk analyses were considered proprietaryand were not reflected in the published material.11 Based on active projects, May 2012. Excludes short-term loans of 2 years or less.12A significant focus on climate adaptation actions was defined as including climateadaptation as a pillar, or being included in a sub-pillar objective with multiple climateresilientactivities in the results matrix. Strategies where actions were suggested as future143
ENDNOTESpossibilities, where climate adaptation was limited to vague mainstreaming in existingsectors, or where only one formal activity was supported were classified as modest. Many ofthe former strategies included a pillar on climate change, though often merged withenvironmental sustainability, natural disasters, or agriculture. Some of the latter strategiesoutlined interesting possibilities for future action that had not yet been formalized in theprogram as of the CAS (such as in Cameroon, Poland, and Armenia).13 Ongoing analytic work in Bhutan, not mentioned in the CAS, relevantly focuses on theclimate sensitivity of the expanding hydropower sector, which already accounts for 19% ofthe country’s GDP and 39% of exports.14 Of countries for which a CAS was produced that did not consider explicitly considerclimate resilience, the 10 most vulnerable countries according to the Global AdaptationInstitute Index were the Central African Republic, Lesotho, Congo, Burkina Faso, Burundi,Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, Rwanda, Djibouti and Benin. Half of these are fragile states accordingto the 2012 definition. Note that the Global Adaptation Institute Index includes a highweight on lack of capacity.15 The UNFCCC established LDCF in 2002 to assist the least developed countries withadaptation. It supported the developed of NAPAs (national adaptation programs of action)and of projects. The UNFCCC established the SCCF (which also supported technologytransfer) in 2004. Both of these funds are administered by the GEF. In addition, was alsoasked to pilot adaptation measures via the SPA, which was funded from the GEF trust fundand supported projects that had global environmental benefits. Most of the projects fromthese funds (with the exception of the NAPAs) are ongoing. Preliminary evaluations ofthese program include GEF Evaluation Office. 2010. Evaluation of the GEF Strategic Priorityfor Adaptation (SPA) , GEF Evaluation Office. 2011. Evaluation of the Special ClimateChange Fund (SCCF). Washington, D.C., GEFEO.16 This section draws on IEG(2012) PPAR of Caribbean Adaptation Projects.17 The overall grant was in US dollars, whose value declined over the course of the project.18 This section based on an IEG mission to Colombia, October 2011.19 The project had initially intended to work in a different watershed, where water flowsfrom the paramo fed into a hydropower plant supported by the Bank’s carbon financeprogram. The location was changed for security reasons.20 These innovations were introduced in the Water Conservation Project (2000-6), andexpanded in the $200 million Irrigated Agriculture Intensification Loan III (IAIL III, 2005-11), both in the 3-H Basin, a breadbasket of China. An add-on GEF project (2008-) looksexplicitly at climate adaptation needs and response. The ET approach has been furtherrefined in the $100 million Xinjiang Turfan Water Conservation Project (2009, ongoing),situated in an arid region.21 This paragraph based on World Bank (2007), World Development Report 2008: Agriculture forDevelopment.144
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Adapting to Climate Change:Assessin
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ContentsGLOSSARY ..................
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CONTENTSBoxesthe role of IFC ......
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AbbreviationsACCACVCCCCCCCCCTCDMCEI
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GLOSSARYClimate variability: Variat
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GLOSSARYSustainable land management
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AcknowledgmentsThis evaluation was
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STATEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
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STATEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
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OVERVIEWClimate adaptation comprise
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OVERVIEWfor others. Another approac
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OVERVIEWcoffee, may require infrast
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OVERVIEWscale pilot projects, asses
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Management ResponseIntroductionWorl
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MANAGEMENT RESPONSEare. The Bank wi
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MANAGEMENT RESPONSEweighting or pro
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ANNEX 1MANAGEMENT ACTION RECORD MAT
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ANNEX 1MANAGEMENT ACTION RECORD MAT
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1. Context and ApproachHighlights C
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CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHOften
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CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHbut wo
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CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHAntici
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CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHthe fu
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2. Climate Adaptation at the World
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CHAPTER 2ADAPTATION AT THE BANK GRO
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3. Dealing with Climate Variability
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.3 Cli
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYBox 3-1
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYRESEARC
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY1999 (L
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYBox 3-4
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.34 An
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYto incr
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYdisaste
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYTHE BAN
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.59 Li
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYfund di
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYfrom se
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.80 Lo
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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYonly ha
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4. Anticipatory Adaptation to Clima
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONlev
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONTab
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONFor
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONTab
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONBox
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONANA
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONfut
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Integration of Climate Change Consi
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONare
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONcha
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONres
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5. Conclusions and RecommendationsC
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CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA
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CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA
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Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX APIDCountryApprovalYearP04
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Page 143 and 144: APPENDIX APIDCountryApprovalYearP00
Page 145 and 146: Appendix BAdaptation-Related Indica
Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX B• Social Development St
Page 149 and 150: APPENDIX B• Subnational level app
Page 151 and 152: Appendix CResults IndicatorsTable C
Page 153 and 154: APPENDIX CRESULTS INDICATORSIndicat
Page 155 and 156: APPENDIX CRESULTS INDICATORSIndicat
Page 157 and 158: Appendix DDrought Mitigation Projec
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Page 161 and 162: APPENDIX EROADSroads to higher stan
Page 163 and 164: APPENDIX FANALYTIC WORK ON CLIMATE
Page 165 and 166: Appendix GEvaluation MethodologiesG
Page 167 and 168: Appendix HAdditional EvidenceH1. Lo
Page 169 and 170: APPENDIX HADDITIONAL EVIDENCEDrylan
Page 171 and 172: Appendix IProject ExamplesAppendix
Page 173 and 174: APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESplanted a
Page 175 and 176: APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESand that
Page 177 and 178: APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESunsurpris
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCESDoell, P., H. Hoffmann‐
Page 181 and 182: REFERENCESMcGray, H., A. Hammill, R
Page 183 and 184: REFERENCESUnited Nations Developmen
Page 188 and 189: ENDNOTES22 In Ethiopia, communities
Page 190 and 191: ENDNOTES39 This review draws upon a
Page 192 and 193: ENDNOTES61 Resource Guide on Gender
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