Adapting to Climate Change: Assessing the World Bank Group ...

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CHAPTER 2ADAPTATION AT THE BANK GROUPendorsed. Projects developed under the SPCRs are executed by the World Bank andother multilateral development banks.2.32 The SPCRs typically include climate modeling and vulnerability assessment,other technical assistance, capacity building, and physical investments. Many draw onWorld Bank analytic work, including the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change(EACC). For the most part, the projects focus on climate variability issues that areexpected to intensify as climate change proceeds. However, long-term climate changeissues are flagged for Bangladesh (sea level rise), Bolivia (water scarcity), and Nepal(glacial retreat and precipitation decline).Case Studies: Supporting Adaptation at the National and Regional Level2.33 In addition to the PPCR, Bank Group support for adaptation at the national andregional level has been through projects supported by the GEF-administered adaptationfunds: Strategic Priority for Adaptation (SPA), Least-Developed Countries Fund(LDCF), and Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) 15 . IEG carried out field assessmentsof the only completed projects (aside from small National Adaptation Programme ofAction, or NAPA, preparation grants), which are in the Caribbean, Colombia, andKiribati. All were supported by the SPA, which required a connection with biodiversity.CARIBBEAN ADAPTATION PROJECTS2.34 The Bank has executed a phased series of adaptation projects for the Caribbean.The first project, Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Global Climate Change Project ,or CPACC (1997-2002), was devoted to planning and information; the second,Mainstreaming Adaptation in Climate Change Project, or MACC (2003-2009), wasintended to create an enabling environment; and the recently closed Implementation ofAdaptation Measures in Coastal Zones Project, or SPACC (2007-2011), focused onimplementation. IEG evaluated the first two. 16Impact on Information2.35 Investments in climate monitoring systems foundered—literally. Both projectsaimed to “enhance generation of sound scientific knowledge and access to information”in order inform public policies, plans, and programs. CPACC’s major informationinvestment was in 18 sea level rise monitoring stations, complementing an existingnetwork. These would serve the very long-term purpose of tracking climate changeimpacts. In principle they could also have helped improve early warnings of extremeweather events if monitored continuously, but they took only one reading per month.Maintenance was inadequate, and the stations were damaged by storms and ships. By2005 none were functioning. The follow-on MACC project rehabilitated 11 stations, but23
CHAPTER 2ADAPTATION AT THE BANK GROUPthey used technology that the previous project had already been shown to betechnically deficient and difficult to maintain, and by 2011 only three were on line. Datawere never fully integrated with the existing network or made useful for navigation,coastal zone management, or storm warnings. A separate and smaller initiative, aninnovative coral reef monitoring system, was pursued by both projects but wasconstrained by lack of trained personnel. It failed to be institutionalized and was notable to adequately network with similar programs run by the U.S. National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA).2.36 The projects also invested in downscaled climate models, commissioned by theCaribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) and undertaken by theUniversity of the West Indies. The downscaled model was based on a single globalchange model (GCM), which raises questions about its reliability (see chapter 4).Modeling work has built local awareness about climate change and contributed tonational communications to the UNFCCC. Projections are distributed on the internet.The project has helped build local climate science capacity, and further modeling workis underway. However, the projections do not appear to have provided quantitativeguidance for policy or project decisions.Impact on Capacity and Institutions2.37 Operating in 12 countries, CPACC built up a network of national coordinationunits and focal points. Their project participation helped build their experience andcredibility and has helped with mainstreaming climate change. MACC also contributedto the growing abilities and reputation of the CCCCC, which has emerged as a widelyrecognized regional center for climate analysis and policy advice. CCCCC led the effortto develop regional position papers for use in international climate negotiations.Impact on Public Awareness and Policy2.38 The projects were designed to raise public awareness of the need to adapt toclimate change. The CPACC focused on formulating policy frameworks that wouldraise the profile of the issue. Ten of the 12 countries prepared issues papers usingexisting data to develop policy options for dealing with climate risks in key sectors. Butthese were not fleshed out, and no dissemination took place, due to budget shortfalls. 172.39 The MACC built on this, supporting the development of national sectorstrategies and action plans in four countries, a scaling-down of original ambitions formultisectoral planning. Project-sponsored water strategies in Jamaica and the Bahamashave led to policy and staff emphasis on adaptation in the Integrated Water ResourcesAuthority. There has been some uptake of water policy recommendations in Jamaica. In24
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Adapting to Climate Change:Assessin
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ContentsGLOSSARY ..................
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CONTENTSBoxesthe role of IFC ......
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AbbreviationsACCACVCCCCCCCCCTCDMCEI
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GLOSSARYClimate variability: Variat
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GLOSSARYSustainable land management
Page 16: AcknowledgmentsThis evaluation was
Page 19 and 20: STATEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
Page 21 and 22: STATEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
Page 23 and 24: OVERVIEWClimate adaptation comprise
Page 25 and 26: OVERVIEWfor others. Another approac
Page 27 and 28: OVERVIEWcoffee, may require infrast
Page 29 and 30: OVERVIEWscale pilot projects, asses
Page 32 and 33: Management ResponseIntroductionWorl
Page 34 and 35: MANAGEMENT RESPONSEare. The Bank wi
Page 36: MANAGEMENT RESPONSEweighting or pro
Page 39 and 40: ANNEX 1MANAGEMENT ACTION RECORD MAT
Page 41 and 42: ANNEX 1MANAGEMENT ACTION RECORD MAT
Page 44 and 45: 1. Context and ApproachHighlights C
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHOften
Page 48 and 49: CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHbut wo
Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHAntici
Page 52 and 53: CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHthe fu
Page 54 and 55: 2. Climate Adaptation at the World
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 2ADAPTATION AT THE BANK GRO
Page 74 and 75: 3. Dealing with Climate Variability
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.3 Cli
Page 78 and 79: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYBox 3-1
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYRESEARC
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY1999 (L
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYBox 3-4
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.34 An
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Page 90 and 91: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYdisaste
Page 92 and 93: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYTHE BAN
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Page 104 and 105: 4. Anticipatory Adaptation to Clima
Page 106 and 107: CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONlev
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONANA
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONfut
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Integration of Climate Change Consi
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONare
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONcha
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CHAPTER 4ANTICIPATORY ADAPTATIONres
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5. Conclusions and RecommendationsC
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CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA
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APPENDIX APIDCountryApprovalYearP04
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APPENDIX APIDCountryApprovalYearPro
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APPENDIX APIDCountryApprovalYearP00
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Appendix BAdaptation-Related Indica
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APPENDIX B• Social Development St
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APPENDIX B• Subnational level app
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Appendix CResults IndicatorsTable C
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APPENDIX CRESULTS INDICATORSIndicat
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APPENDIX CRESULTS INDICATORSIndicat
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Appendix DDrought Mitigation Projec
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APPENDIX DDROUGHT PROJECTStook the
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APPENDIX EROADSroads to higher stan
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APPENDIX FANALYTIC WORK ON CLIMATE
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Appendix GEvaluation MethodologiesG
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Appendix HAdditional EvidenceH1. Lo
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APPENDIX HADDITIONAL EVIDENCEDrylan
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Appendix IProject ExamplesAppendix
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APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESplanted a
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APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESand that
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APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESunsurpris
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REFERENCESDoell, P., H. Hoffmann‐
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REFERENCESMcGray, H., A. Hammill, R
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REFERENCESUnited Nations Developmen
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ENDNOTESEndnotes1 Lobell, Schlenker
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ENDNOTES22 In Ethiopia, communities
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ENDNOTES39 This review draws upon a
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ENDNOTES61 Resource Guide on Gender
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