Adapting to Climate Change: Assessing the World Bank Group ...

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CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYTHE BANK HAS SHIFTED ITS EMPHASIS FROM DISASTER RELIEF TO DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MITIGATION3.52 In the past, the Bank has had a highly reactive stance to disasters. A 2006evaluation of natural disasters found that while the Bank had demonstrated flexibilityand effective coordination in disaster response, the Bank’s attitude to disasters had beenreactive and tactical, rather than proactive and strategic (IEG 2006b). 273.53 But there has been a clear shift toward risk reduction in World Bank disasterprojects by 2008-10 28 . Comparison of 90 disaster investment projects over 2008-10 to aset of 528 disaster projects over 1984-2007 shows a significant increase in the number ofprojects that support risk reduction activities. (See Appendix G2 for methodology.)Projects with hard risk reduction increased from 28 percent to 40 percent and those withsome soft risk reduction, exposure reduction, hydromet support, or financial riskmanagement increased from 20 percent to 42 percent—a big increase, but still aminority of projects. There is evidence of significant “mainstreaming” of disaster riskreduction into non-dedicated disaster projects. Mostly this is through drainage andflood protection in water sector projects that focus on water supply and sanitation orthrough irrigation, drainage, or other works integrated into agriculture and ruraldevelopment projects. Most exposure reduction and resettlement has been in urbanwater projects, most warning systems have been for cyclone or flood-related projects,and most financial risk management mechanisms have been safety nets ormicroinsurance for agriculture or drought-oriented projects.FLOOD RISK REDUCTION3.54 The Bank has a long history of involvement in flood control projects. Tosynthesize the lessons from these projects, IEG reviewed the 16 evaluations (in ProjectPerformance Assessment Reports, or PPARs) of World Bank projects over 1990-2010that supported flood response, reconstruction or risk reduction (including urbandrainage), and the 27 Implementation Completion Report (ICR) Reviews of projectscompleted between 2001-11 where flood protection was listed as the primary orsecondary sector (see Appendix G2). The PPAR projects included 8 with major floodcomponents and 8 with relatively minor flood works. The ICR Reviews covered a largeset of projects supporting flood control schemes, large drainage systems, and damswhere flood control was a major benefit. Several lessons become apparent from analysisof this history.3.55 The Bank has generally been effective in supporting traditional public worksconstruction. In most projects, floodbanks and drainage were successfully constructed,and evaluations found that works were successful in reducing flood risk. Of the 27projects completed, 2 were rated by IEG as having highly satisfactory outcomes, 10were satisfactory, 10 were moderately satisfactory, 5 were moderately unsatisfactory49
CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYand none were unsatisfactory. Even in the cases where institutional or other challengesmeant that project objectives were not achieved, the physical construction works wereoften completed successfully.3.56 “Soft” risk reduction and exposure reduction measures can be successful whenwell designed. For example, a series of Water Quality and Control Project implementedin Brazil over 1992-2011 successfully reduced vulnerability to floods in Curitiba and SãoPaulo through a combination of physical flood control infrastructure and by creatingdedicated ribbons of green spaces in the flood banks by the river (World MeteorologicalOrganization and Global Water Partnership 2004).3.57 Sustainability of flood protection is threatened by poor maintenance. For example,an urban environmental and sanitation project in Ghana constructed a set of storm drainsthat reduced flood risk in Accra, but an IEG evaluation three years later noted thatmaintenance had been poor and that the primary five-meter drain had already filled withtwo meters of silt (IEG 2006a). A coastal embankment project in Bangladesh wasgenerally successful in rehabilitating embankments and introduced a number of newdesign innovations, but sustainability was thought to be unlikely as sufficient resourcesfor maintenance were not available. In a Belize project, inadequate maintenance andunregulated construction blocked the drains after just four years (Box 3-5).Box 3-5. Two Half Drains Are Not as Good as One Whole OneA project sought to alleviate chronic flooding in six coastal Belizean towns. Because ofmacroeconomic constraints on lending, only half the needed funds were available. Rather thanscale the project down, the government elected to spread the funds among all the towns,resulting in completion of only 49 percent of the planned works. While construction quality wasgood, flooding continued—in four cases, severely. The reasons: the partial systems wereineffective; the towns did not have funds for maintenance so drainage was often blocked; andbuildings were allowed to encroach on the open storm drains. Unregulated development hasfurther exacerbated flooding.Source:(IEG 2008).3.58 The rushed nature of emergency response projects makes them particularlyvulnerable to design and institutional problems. In the wake of a disaster, emergencyrecovery projects often take advantage of heightened awareness of risks to galvanizeprevention of future catastrophes. But emergency projects may not have sufficient timeto design, or get political buy-in for, the institutional reforms necessary to achievepreventive actions—as in the case of the Cambodia Flood Emergency RehabilitationProject. Rushed planning in emergency projects can also lead to poor design decisions,as in Honduras and Turkey. And some emergency projects that have attempted to setup more complex mechanisms have failed. (See Appendix I2 for details.)50
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Adapting to Climate Change:Assessin
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ContentsGLOSSARY ..................
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CONTENTSBoxesthe role of IFC ......
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AbbreviationsACCACVCCCCCCCCCTCDMCEI
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GLOSSARYClimate variability: Variat
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GLOSSARYSustainable land management
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AcknowledgmentsThis evaluation was
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STATEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
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STATEMENT OF THE EXTERNAL ADVISORY
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OVERVIEWClimate adaptation comprise
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OVERVIEWfor others. Another approac
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OVERVIEWcoffee, may require infrast
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OVERVIEWscale pilot projects, asses
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Management ResponseIntroductionWorl
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MANAGEMENT RESPONSEare. The Bank wi
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MANAGEMENT RESPONSEweighting or pro
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ANNEX 1MANAGEMENT ACTION RECORD MAT
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Page 44 and 45: 1. Context and ApproachHighlights C
Page 46 and 47: CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHOften
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Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHAntici
Page 52 and 53: CHAPTER 1CONTEXT AND APPROACHthe fu
Page 54 and 55: 2. Climate Adaptation at the World
Page 56 and 57: CHAPTER 2ADAPTATION AT THE BANK GRO
Page 74 and 75: 3. Dealing with Climate Variability
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY3.3 Cli
Page 78 and 79: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYBox 3-1
Page 80 and 81: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYRESEARC
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITY1999 (L
Page 84 and 85: CHAPTER 3CLIMATE VARIABILITYBox 3-4
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Page 104 and 105: 4. Anticipatory Adaptation to Clima
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Page 120 and 121: Integration of Climate Change Consi
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Page 128 and 129: 5. Conclusions and RecommendationsC
Page 130 and 131: CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA
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Page 139 and 140: APPENDIX APIDCountryApprovalYearP04
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APPENDIX APIDCountryApprovalYearP00
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Appendix BAdaptation-Related Indica
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APPENDIX B• Social Development St
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APPENDIX B• Subnational level app
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Appendix CResults IndicatorsTable C
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APPENDIX CRESULTS INDICATORSIndicat
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APPENDIX CRESULTS INDICATORSIndicat
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Appendix DDrought Mitigation Projec
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APPENDIX DDROUGHT PROJECTStook the
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APPENDIX EROADSroads to higher stan
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APPENDIX FANALYTIC WORK ON CLIMATE
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Appendix GEvaluation MethodologiesG
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Appendix HAdditional EvidenceH1. Lo
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APPENDIX HADDITIONAL EVIDENCEDrylan
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Appendix IProject ExamplesAppendix
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APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESplanted a
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APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESand that
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APPENDIX IPROJECT EXAMPLESunsurpris
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REFERENCESDoell, P., H. Hoffmann‐
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REFERENCESMcGray, H., A. Hammill, R
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REFERENCESUnited Nations Developmen
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ENDNOTESEndnotes1 Lobell, Schlenker
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ENDNOTES22 In Ethiopia, communities
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ENDNOTES39 This review draws upon a
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ENDNOTES61 Resource Guide on Gender
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