Adapting to Climate Change: Assessing the World Bank Group ...

ENDNOTES61 Resource Guide on Gender and Climate Change. UNDP, 2009. Training Manual onGender and Climate Change. IUCN, UNDP and the Global Gender and Climate Alliance,2009.62 IEG reviewed agency documents and conducted interviews with staff in internationaldevelopment organizations and NGOs implementing activities on the ground in ASALs inan attempt to supplement, validate, and cross-check evidence from ILRI’s impact analysis ofALRMP.63 Precursor projects dated to the mid-1980s and included the Emergency Drought Recoveryproject of 1993.64 DSGs and DMOs as well as key drought management products, such as droughtmonitoring bulletin and early warning system provide technical inputs into nationaldrought management policy response efforts in the Kenya Food Security Steering Group(KFSSG), the Kenya Food Security Meeting (KFSM), and the Government of KenyaCoordination Structure for Crisis. The EU-funded Drought Management Initiative builds onthe structures and ALRMP with a view to strengthen the role and capacities of DSGs. KeyALRMP drought management activities, such as the publication and dissemination ofdrought monitoring bulletin and early warning systems, have been incorporated into theMinistry for Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands (Min N&KAL).Theexperiences and lessons from ALRMP and DMI have informed institutional change fordrought management and response through the creation of a National DroughtManagement Authority, (NDMA), and Drought Contingency Fund.65 Subsequent audit findings suggest, however, that recorded district expenditures maydiffer substantially from actual expenditures, so that the relationship may be stronger thanthe analysis detected.66 This analysis distinguished intervention vs. control locations based on a categorization bydistrict staff. It found a .177 increase in z-score for the intervened locations, using adifference-in-difference approach. There was no significant difference when locations werecharacterized based on ALRMP expenditure—but as noted earlier, expenditure may beinaccurately measured.67 The impact evaluation compared outcomes of households receiving five years of supportwith comparable households receiving one year of support. A households was consideredfood-insecure if it could not satisfy its food needs for five or more days in a month.68 Other potential effects include increased damage to road surfaces through buckling fromextreme heat, damage to road structures built in permafrost areas due to temperaturechanges, and accelerated rusting and degradation of some road infrastructure due toincreased salinity, but these are likely of secondary magnitude69 For paved roads, changes in design standards may need to be made at increments of 10cmper year of annual precipitation or 3° Celsius increases in average temperatures, atconstruction cost increases of 0.8 percent for each increment (Lea International, L.D. 1995;NOAA 2009, FEMA 1998).70 This evaluation did not conduct a comprehensive portfolio analysis of road projects.149