Proceedings of SerbiaTrib '13

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Table 4. Typical composition of cylinder liner.ElementComposition % massFe 93.97P 0.3V 0.15C 3.00Si 2.00Mn 0.60Figure 2. Optical, SEM and EDS results of PC lubricant.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTop dead centre is the most complex surface forthe tribologists where the conditions are extreme.Combustion induced pressure gradient acts upon topring and hence contact between liner and ring surfacereaches top levels and conditions become severe.Furthermore, combustion gases and sootcontroversially affect the lubrication in TDC area,acidic compounds, unburned hydrocarbons and sootaccumulation on liner surface occurs with constantreplenishment cycle. In addition to the factorsexplained above, high gas temperature reduces oilviscosity which also has detrimental effect on linerringlubrication. Base number retention capability andhigh temperature and high shear rate viscosity(HTHS) of engine lubricant become excessivelyimportant on TDC lubrication as well as theperformance of anti-wear additive. Total base numberindicates the ability of engine oil to neutralize acidiccompounds which primarily originate fromcombustion chamber and transfer through the liner tothe crankcase. The more the base number retention,the lower the oxidative wear on liner surfaceespecially around TDC.Downsized engines with turbochargers are ongoingtrend to fulfil the requirements of CO 2 emissionreduction and fuel economy [10]. Low load fueleconomy and torque flexibility make these types ofengines favourable although increased boost levelsresult significantly higher contact pressures.Therefore, HTHS viscosity gains attention with risingin-cylinder pressure which is the wellness of lubricantperformance under severe operation conditions.Layer formation of anti-wear additive on TDCsurface is the main factor for decreasing the linerwear. Anti-wear additive acts like buffer between ringand liner asperities and prevents adhesion.Accumulated additives on surfaces can effectively bedetected through electron microscopy technique.Besides, it is possible to detect elemental distributionwith X-ray spectroscopy method.Equal tear-down processes were applied to testengines, which include dismantling of cylinder linersand piston rings. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) were applied on TDC region of cylinder lineras shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.Figure 3. Optical, SEM and EDS results of NPNAlubricant.Labels on figures indicate the location of theinspection: G1 designation borders the combustionchamber surface where the sweep motion of topring has ended G2 designation indicates linersurface covered by piston crown. Representation ofinspected surfaces are depicted in Figure 4, analysepoints were determined by considering the surfacelayers of additive accumulation.Figure 4. Schematic representation inspected surfaces.Figure 5. EDS result of combustion chamber surface.EDS measurements were applied for both of thesurfaces lubricated with test oils. Figure 5 showsthe elemental composition of layer on the surface ofcombustion chamber. Higher amount ofcarbonaceous deposit was detected with the PClubricant on combustion chamber surface. Similartrend observed for G2 surface as shown in Figure 6while atomic concentration is different.100 13 th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13
C- Lower deposits with NPNA on combustionsurface indicate the effect of lubricant oncarbonaceous deposit formation.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis study was supported by Idemitsu KosanCo. Ltd. and the authors would like to thank Dr.Hiroshi Fujita for his contributions throughout thisstudy.Figure 6. EDS result of TDC surface.Carbon and oxygen levels indicate the oil filmon both of the surfaces while the G1 surfaceenvironment is quite different than G2. Highercarbon concentration of PC surface of combustionchamber can be attributable to accumulation ofswept portion of surface oil film.4. CONCLUSSIONNewly developed catalyst friendly phosphorusfreeengine oil and a conventional ZDDPcontaining engine oil were tested by applying 100 hlong endurance study. Two of identical engineswere aged under equal loading conditions thendismantled and analysed. The main subject of theinvestigation is the additive layer formation oflubricant on combustion chamber surface.Considering the measurements and observationsmade with optical microscope, SEM and EDS,findings can be summarized as;A- Higher level of deposit formation wasdetected with PC lubricant on bothcombustion chamber and piston shadedsurfaces.B- PC conventional lubricant mainly differsfrom NPNA with oxygen content oncombustion chamber surface; thisdiscrepancy originates from the type ofdeposited compounds.REFERENCES[1] B.G. Rosen, R. Ohlsson, T.R. Thomas: Wear ofcylinder bore microtopography, Wear, Vol. 198,pp. 271-279, 1996.[2] M.F. Jensen, J. Bottiger, H.H. Reitz, M.E. Benzon:Simulation of wear characteristics of enginecylinders, Wear, Vol. 253, pp. 1044-1056, 2002.[3] D. Troyer, J. Fitch: Oil analysis basics, NoriaCorporation, Oklahoma,USA, 1999.[4] Z. Pawlak: Tribochemistry of Lubricating Oils,Elsevier Science, 2003.[5] M.A. Nicholls, T. Do, P.R. Norton, M. Kasrai,G.M. Bancroft: Review of the lubrication ofmetallic surfaces by zinc dialkyl-dithlophosphates,Tribol Int, Vol. 38, pp. 15-39, 2005.[6] A.J.J. Wilkins, N.A. Hannington: The Effect ofFuel and Oil Additives on Automobile CatalystPerformance, Platinum metals review, Vol. 34, pp.16-24, 1999.[7] EUP, Official Journal of the European Union,(EC) No 715/2007, 2007.[8] T. Katafuchi, N. Shimizu: Evaluation of theantiwear and friction reduction characteristics ofmercaptocarboxylate derivatives as novelphosphorous-free additives, Tribol Int, Vol. 40,pp. 1017-1024, 2007.[9] 8178-4:2007 Reciprocating internal combustionengines, Exhaust emission measurement in: Part4: Steady-state test cycles for different engineapplications, ISO, 2007.[10] T.V. Johnson: Vehicular Emissions in Review,SAE Int. J. Engines, Vol. 5, pp. 216-234, 2012.13 th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13 101
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SerbianTribologySocietyFacultyofEng
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Serbian Tribology SocietyUniversity
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Supported byMinistry of Education,
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PrefaceThe International Conference
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ContentsPlenary Lectures1. THE GREE
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27. WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID
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Tribometry57. PRELIMINARY STUDY ON
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Plenary Lectures13 th International
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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIATRIB
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Figure 4. Diagram of the height and
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Realization of the approach is base
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edge without chamfer and smaller ra
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Figure 7. Accumulated tool life in
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Figure 13. Calculated and measured
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Friction deformation of the bronze
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engine cylinders of 2-cylinder-twot
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Table 1: Chemical composition of sa
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Table 4: Comparative wear-resistanc
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- measuring of coating thickness h
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Figure 5. Functional scheme of the
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Table 2. Test results for massive w
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knowledge transfer in the field ofm
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Table 1. Parameters of the electroc
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Figure 6. Wear resistance by linear
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coatings and observed their good we
Page 63 and 64: c)a)Figure 2: SEM images and micros
Page 65 and 66: Room temperature 300°CNi/µSiCNiNi
Page 67 and 68: COF [-] COF [-]Fig.9: COF graphs at
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Page 71 and 72: about 260 nm is related to isolated
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Page 75 and 76: In order to calculate the metallic
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Page 85 and 86: smooth, gear fiber-mild steel rough
Page 87 and 88: [2] Tabor, D.: “Friction and wear
Page 91 and 92: (10, 50 and 100 N) against surface
Page 93 and 94: [9] B.R. Gligorijevic, A. Vencl, B.
Page 95 and 96: dielectric properties, high resista
Page 97 and 98: parameter, Sv, was slightly influen
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Page 103 and 104: Polyethylenes with a molecular weig
Page 105 and 106: [9] K.S. Kanaga Karuppiah, A.L. Bru
Page 107 and 108: MgCO3•CaCO3 (13% Mg), and carnall
Page 109 and 110: fully compatible with MRI/MSCT imag
Page 111 and 112: 5. CONCLUSIONThe magnesium alloys a
Page 113: Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)
Page 117 and 118: films. Carraro et al. [10] examined
Page 119 and 120: PlateCount No.Critical Load ( N)120
Page 121 and 122: solid melt of ZA27 alloy using mech
Page 123 and 124: SiC particles are uniformly distrib
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Page 129 and 130: PBT has the average values of the f
Page 131 and 132: mechanical pressure and thermal loa
Page 135 and 136: 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSTaking into
Page 137 and 138: [12] L. Blunt De, X. Jiang: Advance
Page 139 and 140: 2. EXPERIMENTALTESTING2.1 MaterialT
Page 141 and 142: figure 3a it could be seen that the
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corresponding to the maximum value
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electrostatics [17]. Due to the fle
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250nm size have been observed, acco
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ETH Zurich, Switzerland, where all
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comparison with the synthetic reinf
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 Micros
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(a)(b)Figure 4. Showing (a) variati
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composites. But the composite compo
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coated and uncoated region after ad
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has been measured between the top s
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Fig. 9 shows the wear track obtaine
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Mica samples preparationFor the ads
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According to the AFM results in fig
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[21] B. G. Sharma et al.: Character
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chemical vapor deposition method wi
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analysis (a) and an approximate che
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Table 3. Friction coefficients of s
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A.K.Oleynik, V.M.Matsevity, ea.]. /
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Most of the friction units of produ
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In order to provide both high parts
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Fig. 3. The comparison the criterio
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Table 3. Experimental and calculate
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For developing the numerical model
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,eccentricities and hydrodynamic pr
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hydrodynamic regime. However, for b
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to obtain the temperature distribut
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force (pressure) between two contac
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5E-06The total displacement [m]4.5E
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[11]. Figure 5 shows s the influenc
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efficiency of use, product quality,
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38GSA. The chemical composition, de
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niobium. It should be noted that fo
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Figure 1. Friction force on side su
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exploitation this changing is signi
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2. EFFICIENCY OF CYCLO DRIVEEfficie
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Figure 6. Dependence of cyclo drive
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common for their ability to be inst
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FNF (11)R sin cos11 21 22FNF
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Normal force [N]4000350030002500200
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analytical tests. The analytical te
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Table 4. Results of zero samples of
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noticeable, and by the end of explo
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4. PLASTIC BEARING APPLICATIONSRega
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For Elastohydrodynamic film thickne
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The results concluded for different
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For Thrust Force of 40KNKrytox 215
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Krytox 215 (µ = 0.03204 Pa.s)Figur
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- Reliable exploitation tools, prim
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In addition, as a result of cyclic
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AcknowledgementThe part of this res
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Thepressure angle can be calculated
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mechanism these parameters are fina
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causes big changes of their propert
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Table 2. Impact toughness of some t
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Figure 1. Appearance of fractured f
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implementation of these new manugac
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additional energy is dissipated due
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The adopted geometry parameters are
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4. CONCLUSIONTools of virtual produ
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Figure 2. Structure of the machinin
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3. ANALYSIS OF RESULTSThe results o
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Figure 15. Surface roughness regard
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From the analysis of the diagram it
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comparison from economic, energy co
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Advantages and disadvantages of tra
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The information provided by footwea
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Force (N)5,554,543,532,521,510,50Ex
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additives, that had been, until rec
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Figure 1. Test results for samples
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Table 7. Test results of oil sample
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Input parameters- Current intensity
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edge formed into a thin line. At th
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Lower values of current are not res
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Table 1. Chemical composition of si
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flowable at high temperatures and v
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holes (pits) emerge in the shape of
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[4] W. Schatt, K-P. Wieters, Pulver
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assumption allows us to use, instea
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where P is the load, a - radius of
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determination (total running in tim
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μm, compared with Figure 17, wich
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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIIATRIB
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Especially when the chain transfer
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is obvious that this isa so-calledw
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winches. The authors are inclined t
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find parameters of robot laser hard
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each of which is measured by the le
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Fractal dimensions were determined
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Figure 3. Modified force acting sch
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0.25Lubricant: L3DC 04Friction coef
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nanocomposites. The influence of fi
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1 Morpho
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Figure 6. Loading and unloadin vers
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3 8 12 1 4 2 4
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The material after qualifying the r
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It has already been mentioned that
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Degradation & Stability, Vol. 69, N
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conformance to researchers’ requi
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This part is assembled of pneumatic
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matrixes describe the state of the
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values influence of themeasurement
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Figure 1. Friction stir weldinga -
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(t 2 t
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M fr / T [-] [-]10.90.80.70.60.50.4
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M fr / T [-]10.90.80.70.60.50.40.30
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experimentally determined that for
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4. DISCUSSIONAccording to the theor
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2.1 The life cycle of the reportThe
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Obviously the report is checked and
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uticaja na osnovu kompozita, a time
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5. ZAKLJUČCIStruktura tiksolivene
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dobijene različite karakteristike
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vizuelno, na dnevnoj svetlosti, pod
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LITERATURA[1] Зинченко В.
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Slika 1. Rotorni bager - glodar VII
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stvaraju sliku stanja i svoja zapa
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njihovih kotrljanih elemenata. Mere
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postupka i uticaja parametara depoz
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posledica različite raspodele mikr
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ZrO 2 Y 2 O 3 je takođe zbog oksid
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3.2 Pneumatska osetljivostOblast pr
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p mg (δ), koji je zbog malih struj
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PNEUMATIC PROBE HEAD SELECTION FOR
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1. Podsistem kopanja2. Podsistem pr
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Slika 3. Kriva habanjaNa tom dijagr
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Mjereni su parametri habanja i pril
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preše prevladavaju kombinirani uvj
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a) b)Slika 5. Karakteristična mikr
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varijantnih materijala u dostavnom
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Jovanović D. 414, 446KKaleicheva J
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CIP - Каталогизација
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