Proceedings of SerbiaTrib '13

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etween metal and rubber will not occur shockabsorber will have better absorbing properties.Figure 8. Effects of surface conditions on thestress/deflection curve for rubber under compression [8]Significant sliding compromises the assemblystability and has a great effect on lowering ofnormal resulting force. Furthermore, the increase ofthe friction coefficient on the contact surfaces ofthe rubber element increases the shear stress and itsshare of the total stress also. The increasing shearstress further increases the total stress in theelement and the force which resists the deformationof the element. The increase of the shear stressshare of the total stress leads to the enhancedamortization capacity of rubber elements. As thehigh values of normal resulting force are the designrequirement, it is necessary to find the balancebetween the sliding allowance and resulting normalforce. It can be achieved by influencing thetribological contact parameters (lubrication, surfaceroughness of the metal part, contact pressure, …)and thus the friction coefficient value.Based on above it can be concluded that it is notpossible to actually perform the virtualdevelopment process of the shock absorber withrubber metal spring without the knowledge of thefriction coefficient value in contact between therubber and metal parts.The coefficient of friction of rubber is highlydependent on contact pressure. As the contactpressure between the rubber and the free metalplates in shock absorbers is approximately 20 MPa,it is extremely difficult or even impossible toexperimentally determine the actual value offriction coefficient at noted operating contactpressure.The compound friction coefficient can bepredicted based on experiments with rubberspecimens or based on existing data on normalreaction force in similar operating conditions. Bysimulation of experiments on rubber specimens orpreviously performed experiments, the frictioncoefficient can be determined by goal drivenoptimisation procedure. The value of frictioncoefficient will be approximately determined whenthe normal reaction force obtained by simulation isequal to experimentally obtained one.As an example, it is necessary to determine thefriction coefficient in contact between rubber withtrade name TG-B-712 (manufactured by companyTIGAR, Pirot) and metal plate at contact pressureof 3 MPa. The rubber specimen (with dimensions(35.7 x 17.8 mm) was compressed between steelplates at specific tribological conditions for which itwas necessary to determine the value of frictioncoefficient. The force-displacement data wasrecorded during the experiment (Figure 9).Figure 9. Experimental force – displacement dataFigure 10. Functional dependence between frictioncoefficient and force determined by virtual experimentThe friction coefficient was determined byvirtual experiment from which the functionaldependence between friction coefficient and normalresulting force was obtained (Figure 10). Based onrealistic experimental data (Figure 9) it is clear thatthe maximal resulting normal force correspond tofriction coefficient value of μ = 1.5.290 13 th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13
4. CONCLUSIONTools of virtual product development enablesignificant cost and time savings in the process ofdevelopment of shock absorbers filled with rubbermetalsprings.But to employ the tools of virtual productdevelopment it is essential to have a value offriction coefficient in free contact between rubberand metal parts. Without the correct value offriction coefficient the proposed procedure outlinedin the paper would provide incorrect data which isnot suitable for shock absorber developmentprocess.As experimental determination of frictioncoefficient in contact between rubber and metal athigh values of contact pressure can be veryproblematic, the friction coefficient can beestimated by goal driven optimisation duringnumerical simulation of realistic experiments withexisting resulting force data.REFERENCES[1] V. Miltenović: Mašinski elementi-oblici, proračun,primena, Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu,2009.[2] D. Stamenković, M. Milošević: Friction at Rubber-Metal Springs, 11 th International Conference onTribology - SERBIATRIB ’09, 13-15.05.2009,Belgrade, pp. 215-219.[3] M. Banić, et al.: Prediction of Heat Generation inRubber or Rubber-Metal Springs, Thermal Science,16 (Suppl. 2), pp. 593-606, 2012.[4] …:Vibration & motion control catalogue, LORDCorporation, 2008.[5] SIMF.92.006.[6] ASTM D 945 Standard Test Methods for RubberProperties in Compression or Shear.[7] R. K. Luo, W. X. Wu, P. W. Cook, W.J. Mortel:Fatigue design of rubber springs used in rail vehiclesuspensions, Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail andRapid Transit, 217/3, pp. 237-240, 2003.[8] A. B. Davey, A. R. Payne: Rubber in engineeringpractice, Great Britain, 1964.13 th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13 291
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SerbianTribologySocietyFacultyofEng
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Serbian Tribology SocietyUniversity
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Supported byMinistry of Education,
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PrefaceThe International Conference
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ContentsPlenary Lectures1. THE GREE
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27. WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID
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Tribometry57. PRELIMINARY STUDY ON
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Plenary Lectures13 th International
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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIATRIB
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Figure 4. Diagram of the height and
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Realization of the approach is base
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edge without chamfer and smaller ra
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Figure 7. Accumulated tool life in
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Figure 13. Calculated and measured
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Friction deformation of the bronze
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engine cylinders of 2-cylinder-twot
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Table 1: Chemical composition of sa
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Table 4: Comparative wear-resistanc
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- measuring of coating thickness h
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Figure 5. Functional scheme of the
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Table 2. Test results for massive w
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knowledge transfer in the field ofm
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Table 1. Parameters of the electroc
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Figure 6. Wear resistance by linear
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coatings and observed their good we
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c)a)Figure 2: SEM images and micros
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Room temperature 300°CNi/µSiCNiNi
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COF [-] COF [-]Fig.9: COF graphs at
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about 260 nm is related to isolated
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contact’s conformity [18] they ob
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In order to calculate the metallic
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microscopic inspection of the Rp3 s
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otating plate. The shaft passes thr
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similar trends of variation are obs
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smooth, gear fiber-mild steel rough
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[2] Tabor, D.: “Friction and wear
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(10, 50 and 100 N) against surface
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[9] B.R. Gligorijevic, A. Vencl, B.
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dielectric properties, high resista
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parameter, Sv, was slightly influen
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dependence of roughness height and
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Polyethylenes with a molecular weig
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[9] K.S. Kanaga Karuppiah, A.L. Bru
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MgCO3•CaCO3 (13% Mg), and carnall
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fully compatible with MRI/MSCT imag
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5. CONCLUSIONThe magnesium alloys a
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Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)
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C- Lower deposits with NPNA on comb
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films. Carraro et al. [10] examined
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PlateCount No.Critical Load ( N)120
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solid melt of ZA27 alloy using mech
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SiC particles are uniformly distrib
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in number of micro-cracks and clust
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PBT has the average values of the f
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mechanical pressure and thermal loa
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3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSTaking into
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[12] L. Blunt De, X. Jiang: Advance
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2. EXPERIMENTALTESTING2.1 MaterialT
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figure 3a it could be seen that the
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and lubrication is done so that the
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5. CONCLUSIONFigure 11. The accumul
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esistance was found for composite c
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onze, which is embedded within the
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The test contact pair meets the req
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complete. The SEM analysis maycontr
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tg( ) tg 100, [%] (2)tgwhere are:
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corresponding to the maximum value
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electrostatics [17]. Due to the fle
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250nm size have been observed, acco
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ETH Zurich, Switzerland, where all
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comparison with the synthetic reinf
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 Micros
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(a)(b)Figure 4. Showing (a) variati
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composites. But the composite compo
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coated and uncoated region after ad
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has been measured between the top s
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Fig. 9 shows the wear track obtaine
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Mica samples preparationFor the ads
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According to the AFM results in fig
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[21] B. G. Sharma et al.: Character
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chemical vapor deposition method wi
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analysis (a) and an approximate che
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Table 3. Friction coefficients of s
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A.K.Oleynik, V.M.Matsevity, ea.]. /
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Most of the friction units of produ
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In order to provide both high parts
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Fig. 3. The comparison the criterio
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Table 3. Experimental and calculate
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For developing the numerical model
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,eccentricities and hydrodynamic pr
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hydrodynamic regime. However, for b
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to obtain the temperature distribut
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force (pressure) between two contac
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5E-06The total displacement [m]4.5E
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[11]. Figure 5 shows s the influenc
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efficiency of use, product quality,
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38GSA. The chemical composition, de
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niobium. It should be noted that fo
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Figure 1. Friction force on side su
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exploitation this changing is signi
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2. EFFICIENCY OF CYCLO DRIVEEfficie
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Figure 6. Dependence of cyclo drive
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common for their ability to be inst
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FNF (11)R sin cos11 21 22FNF
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Page 255 and 256: analytical tests. The analytical te
Page 257 and 258: Table 4. Results of zero samples of
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Page 263 and 264: 4. PLASTIC BEARING APPLICATIONSRega
Page 267 and 268: For Elastohydrodynamic film thickne
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Page 271 and 272: For Thrust Force of 40KNKrytox 215
Page 273 and 274: Krytox 215 (µ = 0.03204 Pa.s)Figur
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Page 281 and 282: In addition, as a result of cyclic
Page 283 and 284: AcknowledgementThe part of this res
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Page 293 and 294: Table 2. Impact toughness of some t
Page 297 and 298: Figure 1. Appearance of fractured f
Page 299 and 300: implementation of these new manugac
Page 301 and 302: additional energy is dissipated due
Page 303: The adopted geometry parameters are
Page 307 and 308: Figure 2. Structure of the machinin
Page 309 and 310: 3. ANALYSIS OF RESULTSThe results o
Page 311 and 312: Figure 15. Surface roughness regard
Page 313 and 314: From the analysis of the diagram it
Page 315 and 316: comparison from economic, energy co
Page 317 and 318: Advantages and disadvantages of tra
Page 319 and 320: The information provided by footwea
Page 321 and 322: Force (N)5,554,543,532,521,510,50Ex
Page 323 and 324: additives, that had been, until rec
Page 325 and 326: Figure 1. Test results for samples
Page 327 and 328: Table 7. Test results of oil sample
Page 329 and 330: Input parameters- Current intensity
Page 331 and 332: edge formed into a thin line. At th
Page 333 and 334: Lower values of current are not res
Page 335 and 336: Table 1. Chemical composition of si
Page 337 and 338: flowable at high temperatures and v
Page 339 and 340: holes (pits) emerge in the shape of
Page 341: [4] W. Schatt, K-P. Wieters, Pulver
Page 347 and 348: assumption allows us to use, instea
Page 349 and 350: where P is the load, a - radius of
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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIIATRIB
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Especially when the chain transfer
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is obvious that this isa so-calledw
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winches. The authors are inclined t
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find parameters of robot laser hard
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each of which is measured by the le
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Fractal dimensions were determined
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Figure 3. Modified force acting sch
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0.25Lubricant: L3DC 04Friction coef
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nanocomposites. The influence of fi
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1 Morpho
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Figure 6. Loading and unloadin vers
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3 8 12 1 4 2 4
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The material after qualifying the r
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It has already been mentioned that
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Degradation & Stability, Vol. 69, N
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conformance to researchers’ requi
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This part is assembled of pneumatic
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matrixes describe the state of the
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values influence of themeasurement
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Figure 1. Friction stir weldinga -
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(t 2 t
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M fr / T [-] [-]10.90.80.70.60.50.4
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M fr / T [-]10.90.80.70.60.50.40.30
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experimentally determined that for
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4. DISCUSSIONAccording to the theor
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2.1 The life cycle of the reportThe
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Obviously the report is checked and
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uticaja na osnovu kompozita, a time
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5. ZAKLJUČCIStruktura tiksolivene
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dobijene različite karakteristike
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vizuelno, na dnevnoj svetlosti, pod
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LITERATURA[1] Зинченко В.
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Slika 1. Rotorni bager - glodar VII
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stvaraju sliku stanja i svoja zapa
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njihovih kotrljanih elemenata. Mere
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postupka i uticaja parametara depoz
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posledica različite raspodele mikr
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ZrO 2 Y 2 O 3 je takođe zbog oksid
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3.2 Pneumatska osetljivostOblast pr
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p mg (δ), koji je zbog malih struj
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PNEUMATIC PROBE HEAD SELECTION FOR
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1. Podsistem kopanja2. Podsistem pr
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Slika 3. Kriva habanjaNa tom dijagr
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Mjereni su parametri habanja i pril
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preše prevladavaju kombinirani uvj
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a) b)Slika 5. Karakteristična mikr
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varijantnih materijala u dostavnom
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Jovanović D. 414, 446KKaleicheva J
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CIP - Каталогизација
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