Proceedings of SerbiaTrib '13

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which is responsible for one of the reasons for thedeviation of the real surface of the crystal from theinitially smooth and the emergence of so-callednatural roughness [3]. Such modifications ofsurface geometry are sub roughness, whichsignificantly exceeds the atomic scale roughnessarising at vibrations of the atoms or molecules dueto thermal fluctuations.The most appropriate criterion for selectingmaterials for the parts of tribosystems can be takenminimum value of frictional work [4].Friction work calculated by the formula [5]Wfr fFS , (2)frwhere F – normal force of friction pair elementsinteraction; f – a friction coefficient; S fr – frictiontrack.Tribosystem are open thermodynamic systemsthat exchange energy and matter with theenvironment. Friction is the process of convertingthe external mechanical energy into internal energyin the form of vibration and wave motion ofparticles of tribosystem followed by thermal,thermionic, acoustic, and other phenomena. Most ofthis energy is converted into heat and is given to theenvironment, the other - is to change the physicaland chemical state of the surface layers of thematerial. Dissipation of energy corresponds to anincrease of entropy (dS > 0).Energy balance of tribosystem according to thefirst law of thermodynamics describes by theequation.Wfr q W. (3)where q – energy of heat exchange with theenvironment, ΔW – change of internal energy is thesum of the energy used to change the structure ofthe material and energy of heating.At the same time, the work of the friction forceis the sum of the work of plastic deformation,hysteresis loss and the elastic deformation of thedispersion, that is, the work expended in theformation of new surfaces and associated with thesurface energy of solids [6, 7].The basis of the thermodynamic approach tofracture and wear of solids is energy mechanicalanalogy (deformation) and thermal (melting andsublimation) of failure.The energy spent on the deformation andfracture of solid bodies, compared with one of thethermodynamic characteristics of the material (heatof sublimation enthalpy of the solid and liquid state,latent heat of fusion). In this case, it is assumed thatthermodynamic properties are independent of thestructure of the material. The body is treated as acontinuous, homogeneous, isotropic medium with astatistically uniformly distributed structuralelements.Plastic deformation is considered as acombination of a large number of acts ofmicroscopic atomic-molecular rearrangementsassociated with the generation of sources ofdeformation (dislocations).Plastic deformation of the surface temperaturebelow the recrystallization temperature leads towork hardening of the surface layer and itsstrengthening. At widely differing hardnessstructural components of the material and repeatedexposure of loading occurs initially high wear ofsoft base; specific pressures acting on the solidcomponent thereby increasing, solid componentsare pressed into a soft base, some of them arebroken up and moved further under the forces offriction. As a result of such selective wear surfaceenriched solid structural components and gets stitchstructure that during wear of babbit, for example,according to research of M. M. Khrushchov andA. L. Kuritsyna [8].As a result of the interaction of the interfacedparts new surfaces are formed, which is followedby the energy release, γ ef , consumed for itsforming [6]: f F,Rz HV , (4)ef ,where F – the normal force of friction pair elementsinteraction; Rz – ten point height ofirregularities [9].Rough surface can be considered as a set ofirregularities randomly located on a perfect surfaceand having a random size, in other words, as therealization of the random field. This approachmakes it possible to represent the surface as a scalarrandom function [10]z = z(t, ω), (5)where the parameter t runs through the set of valuesof T, defined by the spatial arrangement of therough surface; ω – elementary event of aprobability space Ω.To determine the surface characteristics requiredfor calculations in tribology, often enoughknowledge only first two derivatives of the functionz(t, ω). Thus there is a need to calculate the densityof the joint distribution of several random variables.Quantify the contact of rough surfaces is animportant step in the development of physicalmodels of frictional interaction. It requiresconsideration of both the characteristics of theroughness, and the specific properties of thecontacting bodies, depending on their internalstructure, loading time and environmentalconditions.196 13 th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13
Most of the friction units of products used inengineering works in conditions of oiling Thisrequires a comprehensive study of processes in thearea of friction as lubricant in some way facilitatesextraction of heat from the friction contact zone, theremoval of the zone of wear and corrosionprotection, and the protection of the frictionsurfaces and other structures from the effects of theenvironment and also seal gaps, etc.Taking into consideration that expression,V W / S (V fr W – the volume of the worn material, S fr –the friction track) represents the value of the wearrate J V [11], and changing of an inner energy isdetermined by the formula of specific energy ofdeformation ΔW accumulated in the material as aresult of dislocation forming [12] W f HVHV , , G, (6), 0 0where G – a displacement module of an examinedmaterial; α 0 – a parameter of interdislocationinteraction; HV – a microhardness of a surface layerof an examined part at the specified depth; HV 0 – amicrohardness of a undeformed material; based onenergy-based approach to the problem of definingthe relationship of the wear rate of work surfaces ofmachine parts with quality parameters of thesurface layer the wear rate functional relationshipwith geometrical (roughness) and physicomechanical(degree of work hardening) parametersof surface layer of machine parts during normaloperation can be represented aJV0,55FG(0,9fSRz F T (7)Sfr bal 0 ,2 4 )exp(200/ )2 2fr RzbalNbalHV0 0,2where J V – the wear rate [m 3 /m]; F – the normalforce of friction pair elements interaction [N]; f – afriction coefficient; S fr – the friction track [m]; Rz bal– the balanced roughness of the interfaced surfacesof the components [m]; 0,2 – the yield strengthconditional with the tolerance of 0,2% for the valueof the plastic deformation at stressing [Pa]; T – thetemperature in friction area [K]; N bal – the balanceddegree of hardening; HV 0 – a microhardness of aundeformed material [Pa].3. CONCLUSIONOn the basis of [13] can be defined relationshipequilibrium parameters of surface layer parts withmachining process parameters.The analysis of the experimental research resultsof the wear rate of contacted surfaces aftermachining has shown that the receivedmathematical model of the correlation between thewear rate and the technological requirements ofmachining allows for calculating the wear rate ofthe interfaced machine components after therunning-in period.REFERENCES[1] A. G. Suslov, A. M. Dalsky: Nauchnye osnovytehnologii mashinostroenija (Scientific Basis ofMechanical Engineering), - Mashinostroenie,Moscow, 2002.[2] A. V. Chichinadze, E. D. Brown, N. A. Boucher:Osnovy tribologii (trenie, iznos, smazka)(Fundamentals of tribology (friction, wear andlubrication)), - Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 2001.[3] V. S Kombalov: Ocenka tribotehnicheskih svojstvkontaktirujushhih poverhnostej (Evaluation oftribological properties of contacting surfaces), -Nauka, Moscow, 1983.[4] V. I. Butenko: Struktura i svojstva poverhnostnogosloja detalej tribosistem (Structure and properties ofthe surface layer of parts tribosystems), - Taganrog:TTI UFU, 2012.[5] U. N. Drozdov, V. G. Pavlov, V. N. Puchkov:Trenie i iznos v jekstremalnyh uslovijah:Spravochnik (Friction and wear in extremeconditions: Reference), - Mashinostroenie, Moscow,1986.[6] V. N. Kashcheev: Processy v zone frikcionnogokontakta metallov (Processes in the area of frictionalcontact metals), - Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 1978.[7] V. Weibul: Ustalostnye ispytanija i analiz ihrezultatov (Fatigue testing and analysis of theresults), - Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 1964.[8] I. P. Sukharev: Prochnost sharnirnyh uzlov mashin(The strength of hinged machine units), -Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 1977.[9] Russian State Standard 25142-82, 1988,Sherohovatost poverhnosti. Terminy I opredelenia.(Surface roughness. Terms and definitions),publishing company of State Standards, Moscow.[10] A. I. Sviridyonok, S. A. Chijik, M. I. Petrokovets:Mehanika diskretnogo frikcionnogo kontakta(Mechanics of discrete frictional contact), - Minsk,1990.[11] Russian State Standard 27674-88, Trenie,iznashivanie i smazka. Terminy i opredelenija,Moscow, 1988.[12] V. F. Bezjazychnyj, A. N. Sutyagin:Tehnologicheskoe obespechenie iznosostoikostidetalei mashin na osnove izucheniya nakoplennoienergii v poverhnostnom sloe detali prideformacionnom uprochnenii pri obrabotke(Machine components wear resistance technologicalassurance based on analysis of accumulated energyof part surface layer while strain hardening duringthe machining), Uprochnyauschie tehnologii ipokrytiya, 7, pp. 3-6.[13] V. F. Bezjazychnyj: Metod podobija v tehnologiimashinostroenija (Method of Similarity inmechanical engineering), Mashinostroenie,Moscow, 2012.13 th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13 197
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SerbianTribologySocietyFacultyofEng
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Serbian Tribology SocietyUniversity
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Supported byMinistry of Education,
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PrefaceThe International Conference
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ContentsPlenary Lectures1. THE GREE
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27. WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID
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Tribometry57. PRELIMINARY STUDY ON
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Plenary Lectures13 th International
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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIATRIB
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Figure 4. Diagram of the height and
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Realization of the approach is base
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edge without chamfer and smaller ra
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Figure 7. Accumulated tool life in
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Figure 13. Calculated and measured
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Friction deformation of the bronze
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engine cylinders of 2-cylinder-twot
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Table 1: Chemical composition of sa
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Table 4: Comparative wear-resistanc
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- measuring of coating thickness h
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Figure 5. Functional scheme of the
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Table 2. Test results for massive w
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knowledge transfer in the field ofm
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Table 1. Parameters of the electroc
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Figure 6. Wear resistance by linear
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coatings and observed their good we
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c)a)Figure 2: SEM images and micros
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Room temperature 300°CNi/µSiCNiNi
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COF [-] COF [-]Fig.9: COF graphs at
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about 260 nm is related to isolated
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contact’s conformity [18] they ob
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In order to calculate the metallic
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microscopic inspection of the Rp3 s
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otating plate. The shaft passes thr
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similar trends of variation are obs
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smooth, gear fiber-mild steel rough
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[2] Tabor, D.: “Friction and wear
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(10, 50 and 100 N) against surface
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[9] B.R. Gligorijevic, A. Vencl, B.
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dielectric properties, high resista
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parameter, Sv, was slightly influen
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dependence of roughness height and
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Polyethylenes with a molecular weig
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[9] K.S. Kanaga Karuppiah, A.L. Bru
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MgCO3•CaCO3 (13% Mg), and carnall
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fully compatible with MRI/MSCT imag
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5. CONCLUSIONThe magnesium alloys a
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Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)
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C- Lower deposits with NPNA on comb
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films. Carraro et al. [10] examined
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PlateCount No.Critical Load ( N)120
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solid melt of ZA27 alloy using mech
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SiC particles are uniformly distrib
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in number of micro-cracks and clust
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PBT has the average values of the f
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mechanical pressure and thermal loa
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3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSTaking into
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[12] L. Blunt De, X. Jiang: Advance
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2. EXPERIMENTALTESTING2.1 MaterialT
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figure 3a it could be seen that the
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and lubrication is done so that the
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5. CONCLUSIONFigure 11. The accumul
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esistance was found for composite c
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onze, which is embedded within the
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The test contact pair meets the req
Page 159 and 160: complete. The SEM analysis maycontr
Page 161 and 162: Serbian TribologySocietySERBIATRIB
Page 163 and 164: tg( ) tg 100, [%] (2)tgwhere are:
Page 165 and 166: corresponding to the maximum value
Page 169 and 170: electrostatics [17]. Due to the fle
Page 171 and 172: 250nm size have been observed, acco
Page 173 and 174: ETH Zurich, Switzerland, where all
Page 175 and 176: comparison with the synthetic reinf
Page 177 and 178: 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 Micros
Page 179 and 180: (a)(b)Figure 4. Showing (a) variati
Page 181 and 182: composites. But the composite compo
Page 185 and 186: coated and uncoated region after ad
Page 187 and 188: has been measured between the top s
Page 189 and 190: Fig. 9 shows the wear track obtaine
Page 193 and 194: Mica samples preparationFor the ads
Page 195 and 196: According to the AFM results in fig
Page 197 and 198: [21] B. G. Sharma et al.: Character
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Page 201 and 202: analysis (a) and an approximate che
Page 203 and 204: Table 3. Friction coefficients of s
Page 205: A.K.Oleynik, V.M.Matsevity, ea.]. /
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Page 213 and 214: In order to provide both high parts
Page 215 and 216: Fig. 3. The comparison the criterio
Page 217 and 218: Table 3. Experimental and calculate
Page 219 and 220: For developing the numerical model
Page 221 and 222: ,eccentricities and hydrodynamic pr
Page 223 and 224: hydrodynamic regime. However, for b
Page 225 and 226: to obtain the temperature distribut
Page 227 and 228: force (pressure) between two contac
Page 229 and 230: 5E-06The total displacement [m]4.5E
Page 233 and 234: [11]. Figure 5 shows s the influenc
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Page 237 and 238: 38GSA. The chemical composition, de
Page 239 and 240: niobium. It should be noted that fo
Page 241 and 242: Figure 1. Friction force on side su
Page 243 and 244: exploitation this changing is signi
Page 245 and 246: 2. EFFICIENCY OF CYCLO DRIVEEfficie
Page 247 and 248: Figure 6. Dependence of cyclo drive
Page 249 and 250: common for their ability to be inst
Page 251 and 252: FNF (11)R sin cos11 21 22FNF
Page 253 and 254: Normal force [N]4000350030002500200
Page 255 and 256: analytical tests. The analytical te
Page 257 and 258: Table 4. Results of zero samples of
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4. PLASTIC BEARING APPLICATIONSRega
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For Elastohydrodynamic film thickne
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The results concluded for different
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For Thrust Force of 40KNKrytox 215
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Krytox 215 (µ = 0.03204 Pa.s)Figur
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- Reliable exploitation tools, prim
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In addition, as a result of cyclic
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AcknowledgementThe part of this res
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Thepressure angle can be calculated
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mechanism these parameters are fina
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causes big changes of their propert
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Table 2. Impact toughness of some t
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Figure 1. Appearance of fractured f
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implementation of these new manugac
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additional energy is dissipated due
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The adopted geometry parameters are
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4. CONCLUSIONTools of virtual produ
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Figure 2. Structure of the machinin
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3. ANALYSIS OF RESULTSThe results o
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Figure 15. Surface roughness regard
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From the analysis of the diagram it
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comparison from economic, energy co
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Advantages and disadvantages of tra
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The information provided by footwea
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Force (N)5,554,543,532,521,510,50Ex
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additives, that had been, until rec
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Figure 1. Test results for samples
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Table 7. Test results of oil sample
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Input parameters- Current intensity
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edge formed into a thin line. At th
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Lower values of current are not res
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Table 1. Chemical composition of si
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flowable at high temperatures and v
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holes (pits) emerge in the shape of
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[4] W. Schatt, K-P. Wieters, Pulver
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assumption allows us to use, instea
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where P is the load, a - radius of
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determination (total running in tim
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μm, compared with Figure 17, wich
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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIIATRIB
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Especially when the chain transfer
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is obvious that this isa so-calledw
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winches. The authors are inclined t
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find parameters of robot laser hard
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each of which is measured by the le
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Fractal dimensions were determined
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Figure 3. Modified force acting sch
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0.25Lubricant: L3DC 04Friction coef
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nanocomposites. The influence of fi
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1 Morpho
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Figure 6. Loading and unloadin vers
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3 8 12 1 4 2 4
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The material after qualifying the r
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It has already been mentioned that
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Degradation & Stability, Vol. 69, N
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conformance to researchers’ requi
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This part is assembled of pneumatic
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matrixes describe the state of the
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values influence of themeasurement
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Figure 1. Friction stir weldinga -
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(t 2 t
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M fr / T [-] [-]10.90.80.70.60.50.4
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M fr / T [-]10.90.80.70.60.50.40.30
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experimentally determined that for
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4. DISCUSSIONAccording to the theor
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2.1 The life cycle of the reportThe
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Obviously the report is checked and
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uticaja na osnovu kompozita, a time
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5. ZAKLJUČCIStruktura tiksolivene
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dobijene različite karakteristike
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vizuelno, na dnevnoj svetlosti, pod
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LITERATURA[1] Зинченко В.
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Slika 1. Rotorni bager - glodar VII
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stvaraju sliku stanja i svoja zapa
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njihovih kotrljanih elemenata. Mere
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postupka i uticaja parametara depoz
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posledica različite raspodele mikr
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ZrO 2 Y 2 O 3 je takođe zbog oksid
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3.2 Pneumatska osetljivostOblast pr
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p mg (δ), koji je zbog malih struj
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PNEUMATIC PROBE HEAD SELECTION FOR
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1. Podsistem kopanja2. Podsistem pr
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Slika 3. Kriva habanjaNa tom dijagr
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Mjereni su parametri habanja i pril
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preše prevladavaju kombinirani uvj
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a) b)Slika 5. Karakteristična mikr
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varijantnih materijala u dostavnom
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Jovanović D. 414, 446KKaleicheva J
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CIP - Каталогизација
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