Proceedings of SerbiaTrib '13

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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIATRIB ‘1313 th International Conference onTribologyKragujevac, Serbia, 15 – 17 May 2013Faculty of Engineeringin KragujevacAPPLICATIVE MONITORING OF VEHICLES ENGINE OILPerić Sreten 1 , Nedić Bogdan 2 , Grkić Aleksandar 31 University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Serbia, sretenperic@yahoo.com2 Faculty of Engineering in Kragujevac, Serbia, nedic@kg.ac.rs3 University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Serbia, iralex@eunet.rsApstrakt: Confirming the basic causes of failures and their elimination, control of certain phenomena, isdefining proactive maintenance, as a new method that reduces maintenance costs and prolongs the life ofassets. Determination of tribomehanical systems condition has very important role in development of frictiontheory and practice, wear and lubrication. There are used today different physical and chemical methodsand tribology methods for tribomehanical system diagnosis. Experience in technical systems exploitationshoved that the most effective failure prognosis is according to parameters, particles created as result ofwear, which are reliable indicators of wear. Analysis of oil samples which contain particles, created asresults of wear, enable evaluation of system tribology condition in different phases of system exploitation.The paper presents the physical chemical tests in the analysis of oils that are used for the assessment of hiscondition. Furthermore the results of experimental research of physical chemical characteristics engines oilwas sampled from engines of vehicles, which were in use. The research results are originating from theresearch of the paper authors.Keywords: Monitoring, lubrication systems, analysis oils, proactive maintenance, diagnosis.1. INTRODUCTIONModern trends of diagnosis in recent years, go tothe affirmation of the monitoring of oil, which hasresulted in growth of interest of producers and usersof oil. The reasons lie primarily in increasing thereliability, effectiveness, economy, and recentlymore and more present protection of theenvironment.Using Oil Analysis programs for engine oils hasseveral benefits: reduction of unscheduled vehicledowntime, improvement of vehicle reliability, helpin organizing effectiveness of maintenanceschedules, extension of engine life, optimization ofoil change intervals and reduction of cost of vehiclemaintenance.In application, oils change their propertiesthrough [1]: contamination by combustion productsand metal wear particles, consumption of additiveswhich is chemical and bears impact on importantoil functions and base oil oxidation.The primary role of engine oil is the lubricationof moving engine parts and reducing friction andwear of metal surfaces which provides the goodengine performance and its long life. In order toprovide a defined quality of engine oils duringproduction and for final products to meet theproduct specifications we need to know thephysical chemical characteristics of engine oils.Certain physical-chemical characteristics whichare significant for the quality of engine oils areachieved by adding additives to base oils. The mostfrequent additives are for: improving of viscosityindex-improvers, reducing pour point-depressants,maintaining engine cleanness-detergents anddispersants, preventing oxidation-antioxidants,preventing corrosion-corrosion inhibitors.2. LUBRICANT SERVICE LIFE ANDANALYSISTo know analytical properties of lubricants isthe base to make a decision in development,production and application of lubricants. Thelubricant classifications and approved systemspecify many performance characteristics and240 13 th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13
analytical tests. The analytical tests are classicaland instrumental. Instrumental technical have theadvantages in small quantity of the sample andrapid analyze. As a part of the common proactivestrategy of the hydraulic systems maintenance,concept of on-line monitoring is introduce inpractice, recently [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. It is acombination of the measurement procedures, bywhich sample of fluid is to be analyzed is takendirectly from the system and the results of themeasurements are continuously. On-line monitoringconsidering, first of all, control of cleanlinessclasses (according to ISO, NAS, SAE), control ofhumidity, viscosity, permittivity (acid),temperature…The following tests are the most used incondition monitoring: Spectrometric analysis,Analytical Ferrography, Rotrode FilterSpectroscopy (RFS), Infrared Analysis (FT-IR),Viscosity, Total Acid Number (TAN), Total BaseNumber, Water and Particle Count.Spectrometric analysis is a technique fordetecting and quantifying metallic particulates inused oil arising from wear, contamination andadditive packages. The oil sample is energized tomake each element emit or absorb a quantifiableamount of energy, which indicates the element’sconcentration in the oil. The results represent theconcentration of all dissolved metals and particles.The equipment for spectrometric analysis is thestandard equipment for oil analysis laboratoriestoday. It provides information on technical system,contamination and wears condition relativelyquickly and accurately. Spectroscopy is more-orlessblind to the larger particles in an oil sample,more precisely, to particles greater than 10 µm indiameter, which are more indicative of an abnormalwear mode [7].Analytical ferrography is a technique whichseparates magnetic wear particles from oil. Thoseparticles settle on a glass slide known as aferrogram. Microscopic examination enables todetermine the wear mode and probable sources ofwear in the technical system. Analyticalferrography is an exceptional indicator of abnormalferrous wear and it is inadequate for nonferrouswear.Rotrode Filter Spectroscopy (RFS) was firstintroduced in 1992. This spectrometric techniquedetects coarse wear metals and contaminants in aused oil sample. Diameter of those particles is upto 25 µm, but it excludes all additives. The coarseparticles are especially important. They are the firstindicators of abnormal wear situations.Fourier-Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy is aspectrometric technique for detecting organiccontaminants, water and oil degradation products ina used oil sample. It monitors lubricant degradation(oxidation, nitration, sulfation, additive depletion)and liquid contaminants (water, glycol, fueldilution).Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow andthe most important lubricant physical property. Thefluid is placed in a "viscometer" (a calibratedcapillary tube for precise flow measurementbetween two pre-marked points on the tube) andpre-heated to a given temperature in a "viscositybath" (which is usually oil-filled). After the oilreaches the desired viscosity temperature, gravityinfluencedflow of the oil is initiated in theviscometer and timed between two calibratedpoints. This time becomes the determinant for theresult.Total Acid Number (TAN) is a neutralizationnumber intended for measuring all acidic and acidactingmaterials in the lubricant, including strongand weak acids. It is a titration method designed toindicate the relative acidity in a lubricant. The TANis calculated from the amount of KOH consumed.The acid number is used as a guide to follow theoxidative degeneration of oil in service.Total Base Number (TBN) is a neutralizationnumber intended for measuring all basic (alkaline)materials in the lube (acid-neutralizing componentsin the lubricant additive package). The converse ofthe TAN, this titration is used to determine thereserve alkalinity of a lubricant. The TBN is highestwhen oil is new and decreases with its use. LowTBN normally indicates that the oil has reached theend of its useful life.Water can be detected visually if grosscontamination is present. Excessive water in asystem destroys a lubricant's ability to separateopposing moving parts, allowing severe wear tooccur with resulting high frictional heat. There areseveral methods used for testing the moisturecontamination (crackle, FT-IR water, centrifuge,Karl Fischer) each with a different level ofdetection (1000 ppm or 0.1 % for first threemethods and 10 ppm or 0.001 % for Karl Fischermethod).Particle Count is a method used to count andclassify particulate in a fluid according to acceptedsize ranges, usually to ISO 4406 and NAS 1638 [8].There are several different types of instrumentationon the market, utilizing a variety of measurementmechanisms, from optical laser counters to poreblockage monitors.3. THE RESULTS OF OIL ANALYSIS ANDDISCUSSIONIn this part are presented the results of oilanalysis examination during application in four-13 th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib’13 241
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SerbianTribologySocietyFacultyofEng
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Serbian Tribology SocietyUniversity
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Supported byMinistry of Education,
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PrefaceThe International Conference
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ContentsPlenary Lectures1. THE GREE
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27. WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID
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Tribometry57. PRELIMINARY STUDY ON
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Plenary Lectures13 th International
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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIATRIB
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Figure 4. Diagram of the height and
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Realization of the approach is base
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edge without chamfer and smaller ra
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Figure 7. Accumulated tool life in
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Figure 13. Calculated and measured
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Friction deformation of the bronze
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engine cylinders of 2-cylinder-twot
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Table 1: Chemical composition of sa
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Table 4: Comparative wear-resistanc
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- measuring of coating thickness h
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Figure 5. Functional scheme of the
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Table 2. Test results for massive w
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knowledge transfer in the field ofm
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Table 1. Parameters of the electroc
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Figure 6. Wear resistance by linear
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coatings and observed their good we
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c)a)Figure 2: SEM images and micros
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Room temperature 300°CNi/µSiCNiNi
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COF [-] COF [-]Fig.9: COF graphs at
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about 260 nm is related to isolated
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contact’s conformity [18] they ob
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In order to calculate the metallic
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microscopic inspection of the Rp3 s
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otating plate. The shaft passes thr
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similar trends of variation are obs
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smooth, gear fiber-mild steel rough
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[2] Tabor, D.: “Friction and wear
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(10, 50 and 100 N) against surface
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[9] B.R. Gligorijevic, A. Vencl, B.
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dielectric properties, high resista
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parameter, Sv, was slightly influen
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dependence of roughness height and
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Polyethylenes with a molecular weig
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[9] K.S. Kanaga Karuppiah, A.L. Bru
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MgCO3•CaCO3 (13% Mg), and carnall
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fully compatible with MRI/MSCT imag
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5. CONCLUSIONThe magnesium alloys a
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Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)
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C- Lower deposits with NPNA on comb
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films. Carraro et al. [10] examined
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PlateCount No.Critical Load ( N)120
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solid melt of ZA27 alloy using mech
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SiC particles are uniformly distrib
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in number of micro-cracks and clust
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PBT has the average values of the f
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mechanical pressure and thermal loa
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3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSTaking into
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[12] L. Blunt De, X. Jiang: Advance
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2. EXPERIMENTALTESTING2.1 MaterialT
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figure 3a it could be seen that the
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and lubrication is done so that the
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5. CONCLUSIONFigure 11. The accumul
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esistance was found for composite c
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onze, which is embedded within the
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The test contact pair meets the req
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complete. The SEM analysis maycontr
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tg( ) tg 100, [%] (2)tgwhere are:
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corresponding to the maximum value
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electrostatics [17]. Due to the fle
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250nm size have been observed, acco
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ETH Zurich, Switzerland, where all
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comparison with the synthetic reinf
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 Micros
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(a)(b)Figure 4. Showing (a) variati
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composites. But the composite compo
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coated and uncoated region after ad
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has been measured between the top s
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Fig. 9 shows the wear track obtaine
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Mica samples preparationFor the ads
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According to the AFM results in fig
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[21] B. G. Sharma et al.: Character
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chemical vapor deposition method wi
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analysis (a) and an approximate che
Page 203 and 204: Table 3. Friction coefficients of s
Page 205: A.K.Oleynik, V.M.Matsevity, ea.]. /
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Page 211 and 212: Most of the friction units of produ
Page 213 and 214: In order to provide both high parts
Page 215 and 216: Fig. 3. The comparison the criterio
Page 217 and 218: Table 3. Experimental and calculate
Page 219 and 220: For developing the numerical model
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Page 239 and 240: niobium. It should be noted that fo
Page 241 and 242: Figure 1. Friction force on side su
Page 243 and 244: exploitation this changing is signi
Page 245 and 246: 2. EFFICIENCY OF CYCLO DRIVEEfficie
Page 247 and 248: Figure 6. Dependence of cyclo drive
Page 249 and 250: common for their ability to be inst
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Page 253: Normal force [N]4000350030002500200
Page 257 and 258: Table 4. Results of zero samples of
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Page 263 and 264: 4. PLASTIC BEARING APPLICATIONSRega
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Page 271 and 272: For Thrust Force of 40KNKrytox 215
Page 273 and 274: Krytox 215 (µ = 0.03204 Pa.s)Figur
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Page 283 and 284: AcknowledgementThe part of this res
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Page 293 and 294: Table 2. Impact toughness of some t
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4. CONCLUSIONTools of virtual produ
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Figure 2. Structure of the machinin
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3. ANALYSIS OF RESULTSThe results o
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Figure 15. Surface roughness regard
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From the analysis of the diagram it
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comparison from economic, energy co
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Advantages and disadvantages of tra
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The information provided by footwea
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Force (N)5,554,543,532,521,510,50Ex
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additives, that had been, until rec
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Figure 1. Test results for samples
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Table 7. Test results of oil sample
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Input parameters- Current intensity
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edge formed into a thin line. At th
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Lower values of current are not res
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Table 1. Chemical composition of si
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flowable at high temperatures and v
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holes (pits) emerge in the shape of
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[4] W. Schatt, K-P. Wieters, Pulver
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assumption allows us to use, instea
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where P is the load, a - radius of
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determination (total running in tim
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μm, compared with Figure 17, wich
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Serbian TribologySocietySERBIIATRIB
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Especially when the chain transfer
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is obvious that this isa so-calledw
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winches. The authors are inclined t
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find parameters of robot laser hard
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each of which is measured by the le
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Fractal dimensions were determined
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Figure 3. Modified force acting sch
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0.25Lubricant: L3DC 04Friction coef
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nanocomposites. The influence of fi
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION4.1 Morpho
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Figure 6. Loading and unloadin vers
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3 8 12 1 4 2 4
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The material after qualifying the r
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It has already been mentioned that
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Degradation & Stability, Vol. 69, N
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conformance to researchers’ requi
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This part is assembled of pneumatic
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matrixes describe the state of the
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values influence of themeasurement
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Figure 1. Friction stir weldinga -
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(t 2 t
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M fr / T [-] [-]10.90.80.70.60.50.4
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M fr / T [-]10.90.80.70.60.50.40.30
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experimentally determined that for
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4. DISCUSSIONAccording to the theor
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2.1 The life cycle of the reportThe
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Obviously the report is checked and
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uticaja na osnovu kompozita, a time
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5. ZAKLJUČCIStruktura tiksolivene
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dobijene različite karakteristike
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vizuelno, na dnevnoj svetlosti, pod
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LITERATURA[1] Зинченко В.
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Slika 1. Rotorni bager - glodar VII
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stvaraju sliku stanja i svoja zapa
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njihovih kotrljanih elemenata. Mere
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postupka i uticaja parametara depoz
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posledica različite raspodele mikr
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ZrO 2 Y 2 O 3 je takođe zbog oksid
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3.2 Pneumatska osetljivostOblast pr
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p mg (δ), koji je zbog malih struj
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PNEUMATIC PROBE HEAD SELECTION FOR
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1. Podsistem kopanja2. Podsistem pr
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Slika 3. Kriva habanjaNa tom dijagr
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Mjereni su parametri habanja i pril
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preše prevladavaju kombinirani uvj
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a) b)Slika 5. Karakteristična mikr
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varijantnih materijala u dostavnom
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Jovanović D. 414, 446KKaleicheva J
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CIP - Каталогизација
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