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3.6 Consolidated financial statements Notes to the consolidated financial statements<br />

3.6 Consolidated financial statements Notes to the consolidated financial statements<br />

Impairments in the form of individual allowances for doubtful accounts<br />

adequately consider default risk. When there is objective evidence of<br />

default, the receivable concerned is derecognized. Receivables that are<br />

immaterial, and receivables of similar default risk, are grouped<br />

together and tested collectively for impairment based on past<br />

experience. Partially, impairments are accounted for using separate<br />

allowance accounts. Whether default risk is recognized by means of an<br />

allowance account or a direct derecognition of the receivable depends<br />

on the probability of default and the reliability of its estimation.<br />

Receivables that do not bear interest or bear below market interest<br />

rates and have an expected term of more than one year are discounted<br />

with the discount subsequently amortized to interest income over the<br />

term of the receivable.<br />

The Group sells undivided interests in certain trade accounts and notes<br />

receivable both on an ongoing and one-time basis to special purpose<br />

entities, which are not required to be consolidated, or to other lending<br />

institutions. Financial assets sold under these arrangements are<br />

excluded from accounts receivable in the Group’s balance sheet at the<br />

time of sale if it is assured that the cash flows related to those<br />

receivables will be passed through to the acquirer and substantially all<br />

risks and rewards have been transferred. If substantially all risks and<br />

rewards have neither been transferred nor retained, financial assets<br />

are excluded from the books at the time of the sale if it is assured that<br />

the cash flows of the receivables will be passed through to the acquirer<br />

and the acquirer has gained control over the receivables. If<br />

substantially all risks and rewards have been retained financial assets<br />

remain in the Group’s balance sheet as collateral for borrowings.<br />

Cash and cash equivalents<br />

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and demand deposits<br />

as well as financial assets that are readily convertible to cash and<br />

which are only subject to an insignificant risk of change in value, they<br />

are measured at amortized cost.<br />

Financial assets held for trading<br />

Derivatives that are not part of an effective hedge accounting in<br />

accordance with IAS 39 must be assigned to this category when the<br />

fair value is positive as of measurement date. Gains or losses resulting<br />

from changes in fair value are recognized in profit or loss.<br />

Available-for-sale financial assets<br />

Available-for-sale financial assets are those non-derivative financial<br />

assets not assigned to any of the above categories (trade accounts<br />

receivable and other current receivables, cash and cash equivalents,<br />

and financial assets held for trading). This category includes primarily<br />

equity and debt instruments which are in general measured at fair<br />

value. Gains or losses resulting from the measurement of available-forsale<br />

financial assets are recognized directly in equity, with the<br />

exception of impairment losses and foreign currency conversion<br />

effects. On disposal of these financial assets, a cumulative gain or loss<br />

recognized directly in equity until then is recognized in profit or loss of<br />

the respective period. When the fair value of unlisted equity<br />

instruments cannot be reliably measured, they are measured at cost.<br />

Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss<br />

The Group does not use the option to categorize financial assets at fair<br />

value through profit or loss when initially recognized.<br />

Impairment of financial assets<br />

At each balance sheet date, an assessment is made of whether there<br />

is any objective evidence that the carrying amounts of financial assets<br />

not carried at fair value through profit or loss are impaired. Objective<br />

evidence includes, for example, considerable financial difficulty of the<br />

debtor obligor, disappearance of an active market, and significant<br />

changes in the technological, market, economic or legal environment.<br />

A significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of an equity<br />

instrument is an objective evidence of impairment.<br />

The impairment loss on a financial asset carried at amortized cost is<br />

measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and<br />

the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the<br />

financial asset’s original effective interest rate. An impairment loss is<br />

recognized in profit or loss.<br />

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